TUFTS  UNIVERSITY   LIBRARIES 


Webster  Family  Library  of  Veterinary  Medicine 
Cum         School  of  Veterinary  Medicine  at 
Tufts  University 
200 '  o  Road 

rafton,  MA  01536 


-A 


THE 

PEOPLE'S 

HORSE,   CATTLE,   SHEEP,   AND   SWINE 

DOCTOR : 

CONTAINING.    IX    FOUR    PARTS, 

CLEAR    AND    CONCISE    DESCRIPTION'S    OF    THE    DISEASES    OF    THE 

RESPECTIVE    ANIMALS.    WITH    THE    EXACT    DOSES 

OF    MEDICINE    FOR    EACH. 

EDITED    BY 

WILLIAM   H.    CLARKE. 

ILLUSTRATED. 


NEW    YORK: 

M.   T.    RICHARDSON,    Publisher. 
1893. 


lb 


Copyright,  1891. 
By  M.  T.  Richardson. 


THE   BEN-FRANKUN   PRESS, 

45    TO    51    ROSE   ST., 

NEW    YORK, 


PREFACE 


The  title  page  of  this  work  explains  its  nature,  scope, 
and  character  so  perfectly  that  little  else  need  be  said 
on  the  subject.  It  is  compiled  from  the  highest  author- 
ities and  the  latest  editions  of  their  respective  works. 
For  example,  the  parts  entitled  "  Medicines  and  their 
Doses"  and  "Medicines  and  their  Classes"  are  based,  or 
chiefly  based,  on  the  seventh  edition  of  Dun's  "Vet- 
erinary Medicines."  Prof.  Percivall's  works,  from  which 
numerous  extracts  have  been  made,  are  getting  old,  it  is 
true ;  but  as  his  words  are  often  quoted  by  all  modern 
veterinary  authors,  no  apology  is  needed  for  the  extracts 
from  that  source  in  this  work.  The  illustrations,  num- 
bering, in  the  aggregate,  232,  are  the  best  of  their  kind, 
and  are  taken  from  here  and  there.  Many  are  from  May- 
hew  and  Armitage. 

One  of  the  drawbacks  of  most  veterinary  books  is  the 
confusion  of  nomenclature.  This  is  an  almost  necessary 
fault  of  this  volume,  for  if  several  of  the  different  names 
by  which  some  diseases  are  known  were  not  given,  how 
could  the  unprofessional  reader  recognize  them  ?  For 
example,  on  page  225  is  the  following :  "  Carbuncular 
fever  (anthrax),  also  called  Texas  fever,  splenic  fever, 
trembles,  charbon,  blain,  &c."  Page  238:  "  Hoven 
(tympanites),  also  known  as  hove,  hoove,  blown,  dew- 
blown,  fog-sickness,  &c."  Page  322  :  "  Swine  plague  or 
swine  anthrax,  also  known  as  hog  cholera,  red  soldier, 
blue  sickness,  measles,  erysipelas,  intestinal  fever,  typhoid 
fever,  &c."  The  using  of  the  word  i  thrush '  to  indicate 
both  disease  of  the  foot  and  the  mouth  is  certainly  inex- 
cusable confusion.  (See  pages  196,  238,  296.)  It  is  like 
using  the  word  '  fang '  to  indicate  the  root  as  well  as  the 


IV  PREFACE. 

crown  of  a  tooth.  These  and  similar  defects,  in  veterin- 
ary as  well  as  other  works,  will  probably  pass  away  in 
the  course  of  time. 

As  a  rule,  where  practicable,  a  plain  English  word  has 
been  used  to  name  a  disease,  the  technical  name  being 
given  in  a  parenthesis.  Where  not  practicable,  the  tech- 
nical name  is  explained  as  in  the  following  examples : 
"Ecthyma  (boil-like  eruptions)."  "Herpes  (creeping, 
spreading)."  "Erythema  (red,  rose-colored)."  Scores  of 
other  parenthetical  explanations  are  made  here  and  there 
throughout  the  work. 

The  two  descriptions  of  '  Measles '  (pages  316  and  328) 
appear  to  be  inharmonious.  The  first,  based  on  Gress- 
well,  refers  to  the  well  known  febrile  skin  disease;  the 
second,  based  on  Armitage,  refers  to  measle  worms.  In 
quoting  from  different  authors,  there  is  sure  to  be  more 
or  less  confusion  and  a  few  apparent  contradictions. 

Some  useful  information  is  contained  in  a  note  on 
page  13 — namely,  the  measurement  of  medicines  in  ordi- 
nary utensils.  An  important  addition  to  the  note,  espe- 
cially to  farmers,  is  the  fact  that  an  average  sized  grain 
of  wheat  weighs  one-half  grain — apothecaries'  weight. 

New  York,  July,  1891. 


INDEX 


Note. — As  the  medicines  ;ire  alphabetically  arranged  on  pages  13  to  29, 
they  are  not  indexed  ;    nor  are  their  classes — pages  30  to  3*7. 


Abortion,  cattle  290,  sheep  314. 
Abscess  of  scrotum,  horse  127. 
Abscess,  serous,  horse  66. 
Abuse,  self,  horse  127. 
Actinomycosis  (known  in  the  past  as 

cancerous  tongue)  cattle  228. 
Acute  indigestion,  horse  97. 
Acute  pulmonary  congestion,  cattle 

263. 
Albuminous  urine,  horse  116,  ox  270. 
Amaurosis  or  glass  eye,  horse  139. 
Amputation  of  the  penis,  horse  126. 
Amemia  or  lack  of  blood,  cattle  234. 
Anaemic  palpitation,  cattle  255. 
Anthrax  (carbuncular  or  Texas  fever) 

cattle  225,  sheep  308.  swine  322. 
Aphtha  or  thrush  (of  mouth)  cattle 

238,  sheep  296. 
Apoplexy,  cattle  266,  swine  324. 

Baldness,  horse  168,  cattle  280. 

Barrenness,  mare  64. 

Bees,  hornets,  &c.  stings  of,  192. 

Belly  hernia,  horse  59. 

Birth,  a  natural,  calf  293. 

Bitters,  definition  and  use  of  (note)  39. 

Black  Leg  or  Black  Quarter,  cattle 
227. 

Black  Water,  cattle  270. 

Bleeding  from  lungs,  horse  90,  cattle 
263. 

Bleeding  from  nostrils,  horse  76,  cat- 
tle 258, 


Bloody  urine,  horse  117,  cattle  270. 
Blue  Disease,  cattle  255. 
Boils,  how  to  treat,  cattle  279. 
Bog  Spavin,  horse  197. 
Bone  brittleness,  horse  68,  cattle  233. 
Bone  Spavin,  horse  196. 
Bots,  horse  100,  cattle  285,  sheep  318. 
Broken-Wind,  horse  92. 
Bronchitis,  horse  82,  cattle  259. 
Bronchitis,  chronic,  horse  85,  ox  260. 
Bronchitis,  parasitic,  cattle  260. 
Bronchocele  or  Goiter,  horse  78,  cat- 
tle 234. 
Bruise  of  the  sole,  horse  188. 
Bruises,  general,  188. 
Brushing  or  Interfering,  horse  186. 
Burns  and  Scalds,  181. 

Cancerous  tumor  of  Vulva,  mare 

126. 
Canker  in  horse's  foot,  194. 
Capped  Elbow,  Hock,  and  Knee,  209. 
Carbuncle,  cattle  280,  sheep  297. 
Cataract  of  horse's  eye,  138. 
Cataract,  green,  horse  139. 
Catarrh,  malignant,  ox  231,  sheep  300. 
Catarrh,  simple,  horse  70,  cattle  258, 

swine  332. 
Cattle  Plague,  228. 
Cerebro-spinal  fever,  horse  48. 
Choking,  horse  155,  cattle  239. 
Colic,  flatulent,  horse  104,  cattle  245, 
Colic,  simple,  cattle  245, 


VI 


INDEX. 


Colic,  spasmodic,  horse  102. 

Colt  111  (strangles)  42. 

Confined  (unprotrudable)  penis,  horse 

126. 
Congestion  of  the  kidneys,  cattle  271. 
Congestion  of  the  liver,  horse  133. 
Congestive  Pneumonia,  horse  80. 
Constipation,  horse   110,  cattle  246, 

swine  331. 
Consumption,  horse  91,  cattle  225. 
Contagious  Pleuro-pneumonia,  ox  223. 
Corns,  horse  200. 
Cough,  horse  15. 
Cow-pox,  229. 
Cracked  Heel,  horse  173. 
Crib-biting,  horse  144. 
Curb,  horse  200. 

Delirium,  cattle  264. 

Dental  instruments,  145  to  151  ;   the 

names  of  same,  152. 
Diabetes,  horse  63,  cattle,  234,  270. 
Diaphragm,    spasm   and   rupture   of, 

horse  94. 
Diarrhea,  horse  107,  cattle  246,  sheep 

307,  swine  332. 
Diphtheria,  horse  49.  cattle  230. 
Dislocations,  horse  193. 
Distention  of  the  rectum,  cattle  251. 
Dizziness  or  staggers,  horse  55. 
Dropsies,  horse  64,  65,  66,  127,  cattle 

250,  280. 
Dysentery,  horse  108,  ox  247,  sheep 

307. 
Dyspepsia,  horse  99. 
Dysuria  (painful  urination)  cattle  272 

Ears,  sheep's,  keep  clean,  320. 
Ecthyma  (skin  disease)  horse  162,  ox 

279,  sheep  298. 
Eczema  (skin  disease)  horse  160,  ox 

275,  sheep  297, 


Elephantiasis  (thick  skin)  horse  164, 
ox  278. 

Embolism  (plugging  a  vessel)  257. 

Engorgement  and  inflammation  of  the 
rumen  or  first  stomach,  ox  241. 

Engorgement  of  the  omasum  or  third 
stomach,  ox  240. 

Enlargement  of  kidneys,  horse  120. 

Enlargement  of  the  lachrymal  (eye) 
caruncle,  horse  141. 

Epilepsy  or  fits,  ox  265,  swine  325! 

Equine  (horse)  syphilis,  121. 

Esophagus  or  throat,  stricture,  rup- 
ture, and  opening  of,  horse  154  155. 

Erysipelas,  horse  45,  cattle  276. 

Erythema  (skin  disease)  horse  157,  ox 
274,  sheep  297. 

Eyelid,  laceration  of,  horse  180. 

Eyes,  injuries  of,  horse  180. 

Fardel-Bound,  cattle  240. 

False  Quarter,  horse  191. 

Farcy- Glanders,  horse  67. 

Fever,  brain  and  spinal  cord  (cerebro- 
spinal meningitis)  horse  48,  ox  269. 

Fever,  acute  or  inflammatory,  horse 
39. 

Fever,  carbuncular  or  Texas,  ox  225, 
sheep  308. 

Fever,  catarrhal  (influenza)  horse  40. 

Fever,  diphtheritic,  horse  49.' 

Fever,  horse-pox,  49. 

Fever,  low  or  typhoid,  horse  40. 

Fever,  milk  (parturient  apoplexy)  cow 
268. 

Fever,  purple,  horse  47,  ox  235. 

Fever,  pus  (strangles  or  colt-ill)  42. 

Fever,  scarlet,  cattle,  235. 

Fever,  simple  or  continued,  horse  39. 

Fistula,  horse  59. 

Fistula  in  the  withers,  horse  61. 

Fistula  of  the  anus,  horse  62, 


INDEX. 


Vll 


Fistulous  Parotid  Duct,  horse  62. 
Flatulent  Colic,  horse  104,  cattle  245. 
Flatulent  stomach  (colic)  horse  101. 
Flukes,  rot  of  liver  caused  by,  305. 
Flyblow,  horse  68. 
Foot  and  Mouth  Disease,  ox  224. 
Foot- Rot,  sheep  303. 
Foreign  bodies  in  the  heart,  ox  257. 
Fractures,  horse  192,  cattle  287. 
Frost  Bite,  horse  189. 
Foul  in  the  Foot,  cattle  286. 
Founder,  horse  201,  cattle  286. 

Gad-Flies,  horse  100,  cattle  286. 

Garget,  cattle  289. 

Glanders-Farcy,  horse  67. 

Glass-Eye,  horse  139. 

Goiter,  horse  78,  cattle  234. 

Gid  (sturdy,  turnsick,  &c.)  sheep,  309. 

Grass  and  Stomach  Staggers,  horse 

97,  cattle  240. 
Grease  (skin  disease)  horse  166. 
Green  Cataract,  horse  139. 
Greasiness  of  the  skin,  horse  176. 

Heart,  palpitation  of,  horse  130. 

Heart,  various  disorders  of,  horse  130. 

Hernia  (rupture)  horse  58,  59,  ox  252. 

Herpes  (skin  disease)  horse  161,  cat- 
tle 276. 

Horn  Tumor  of  horse's  foot,  208. 

Horse-Pox,  49. 

Hidebound,  horse  173. 

Hoven  (swelling)  ox  238,  sheep  317. 

Hoose  or  Husk  (worms  in  throat  and 
bronchial  tubes  of  sheep)  310. 

Hydrothorax  (water  in  chest)  horse 
88. 

Hysteria,  mare  126. 

Imperforate  Anus,  cattle  251. 
Indigestion,  acute,  horse  97. 


Indigestion,  chronic  (dyspepsia)  horse 

99,  cattle  245. 
Inflamed  lymphatics,  horse  186. 
Inflamed  vein,  horse  183. 
Inflammation   of  the  bladder,  horse 

119,  cattle  273. 
Inflammation   of  the  bowels,   horse 

105,  cattle  248. 
Inflammation  of  the  brain,  horse  48, 

cattle  264. 
Inflammation  of  the  heart,  cattle  256, 

257 
Inflammation  of  the  kidneys,  horse 

115,  cattle  271. 
Inflammation  of  the  liver,  horse  132, 

cattle  253. 
Inflammation  of  the  lungs  (pneumo- 
nia) horse  79,  ox  261,  swine  333. 
Inflammation  of  the  mouth,  horse  153. 
Inflammation  of  the  penis,  horse  123. 
Inflammation     of    the    pericardium, 

horse  129,  cattle  255. 
Inflammation  of  the  peritoneum,  cat- 
tle 249. 
Inflammation  of  the  stomach,  horse 

96. 
Inflammation  of  the  testicles,  horse 

126. 
Inflammation  of  the  tongue,  horse  153. 
Inflammation   of  the  urethra,  horse 

123. 
Inflammation  of  the  vagina,  mare  124. 
Inflammation  of  the  womb,  mare  125. 
Inflammatory  pneumonia,  horse  80. 
Inflation  (under  skin)  cattle  280, 
Influenza  (catarrhal  fever  or  pink  eye) 

horse  40. 
Inguinal  (groin)  and  scrotal  hernia  or 

rupture,  horse  58. 
Injured  eyes,  horse  180. 
Injuries  of  mouth,  tongue,  jaws,  &c. 

horse  181. 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


Interfering  or  Brushing,  horse  186. 

Intestinal  and  stomach  concretions 
(stones)  horse  111. 

Intussusception  or  Introsnsccption, 
horse  113,  cattle  252. 

Inversion  and  protrusion  of  the  blad- 
der, horse  120,  cattle  273. 

Jaundice  or  Yellows,  horse  133, 

cuttle  253. 
Joint-Ill,  sheep,  312. 

Kidneys,  congestion  of,  cattle  211. 
Kidneys,  cysts  in,  horse  120. 
Kidneys,  enlargement  of,  horse  120. 
Kidneys,  inflammation  of,  horse  115, 
cattle  211. 

Lacerated  Knee,  horse  184. 

Lambing  or  Milk  Fever,  sheep,  313. 

Lampas,  horse  153. 

Lice,  horse  168,  cattle  284. 

Lichen  and  Prurigo  (skin  diseases) 
horse  159,  cattle  218. 

Lip,  tumor  of,  horse  154. 

Liver,  concretions,  congestion,  rup- 
ture, and  hydatid  tumors  of,  horse 
133;  inflammation  of,  horse  132, 
cattle  253. 

Lock-Jaw,  horse  53,  with  note ;  cat- 
tle 234,  sheep  318. 

Louping-Ill  or  Trembling,  sheep  314. 

Lymphangitis  (weed  or  swelled  legs) 
horse  56. 

Malignant  Catarrh,  ox  231,  sheep 

300. 
Mallcnders  and  Sallenders,  horse  202. 
Mange,  horse  168,  cattle  281,  sheep 

301,  swine  334. 
1  Mark,' the,  horse  215,  221. 
Measles,  sheep  316,  swine.  328, 


Medicines,  how  to  measure  them  in 
ordinary  utensils  (note)  13. 

Megrims  (vertigo,  dizziness,  &c.)  horse 
55,  cattle  265. 

Milk  Fever,  cattle  268,  sheep  313. 

Moon-Blindness,  horse  136. 

Muir-Ill,  cattle  210. 

Njevus  (skin  spots  of  various  kinds, 
often  having  an  erectile  character ; 
they  may  be  single  or  multiple,  are 
more  or  less  pulsating,  have  a  deep 
purple  color,  an  irregular,  flattened 
appearance,  and  resemble  warts ; 
remedy — absorption,  cauterization, 
adhesive  inflammation,  excision,  or 
ligature)  cattle  280. 

Nasal  Gleet,  horse  13. 

Nasal  Polypus,  horse  11. 

Navel  Hernia,  horse  59. 

Navel  111  or  Navel  Pocking,  sheep  312. 

Nettle-Rash  or  Surfeit,  horse  158,  ox 
211. 

Non-secretion  of  Milk,  ewe  320. 

Obstructions  in  the  Teats,  ox  293. 
Ophthalmia  or  Moon-Blindness,  horse 

136,  sheep  319. 
Open  Knee  and  other  joints,  horse 

184. 
Opening    the    throat  or  esophagus, 

horse  155. 
Opening  the  windpipe,  horse  44. 
Osteoporosis  (hardening)  horse  68. 
Ovaries,  diseases  of,  mare  121. 
Overreach  and  Tread,  horse  1 89. 
Ozena  or  Nasal  Gleet,  horse  13. 

Palpitation  of  the  Heart,  horse 

130. 
Paralysis  (paresis,  palsy)  horse  51,  ox 

266,  swino  333, 


INDEX. 


IX 


Parrot- Mouth,  horse  143. 
Pemphigus  or  watery  bladders,  cattle 

279. 
Penis,  amputation  of,  horse  126. 
Piles,   horse    113,   cattle  251,   swine 

330. 
Tink-Eye  (influenza)  horse  40. 
Pleurisy,  horse  86,  cattle  262. 
Pleuro-pneumonia,  contagious,  cattle 

223. 
Pneumonia,  horse  79,  cattle  261. 
Pneumonia,  chronic,  horse  82. 
Pneumonia,  inflammatory,  horse  80. 
Poisons,  a  few,  with  antidotes,  cattle 

236. 
Poll-Evil,  horse  60. 
Pobypus,  nasal,  horse  77. 
Polypus  of  stomach,  horse  101. 
Pricked  Foot,  horse  188. 
Protruded  Penis,  horse  126. 
Protrusion  of  the  Anus  or  Rectum, 

horse  114,  cattle  251,  swine  330. 
Prurigo  and  Lichen   (skin  diseases) 

horse  159,  rattle  278. 
Pruritus,  horse  165. 
Psoriasis  (scaly  inflammation  of  skin) 

horse  163. 
Pumice  Foot,  horse  210. 

Quinsy  (inflammation  of  the  throat 

or  adjacent  parts)  swine  333. 
Quittor,  horse  190. 

Rabies  or  Hydrophobia,  horse  50, 

sheep  318. 
Red  Water,  cattle  270,  sheep  319. 
Retention  of  urine,  horse  120,  cattle 

272. 
Rheumatism,   horse   63,    cattle   232, 

swine  333. 
Rickets  (soft  or  pliable  bone)  horse 

69,  cattle  233, 


Ringbone,  horse  203. 

Ringworm  or  Tetter,  horse  171,  cattle 

283. 
Ringworm,    yellow    or    honeycomb, 

horse  171. 
Roaring,  horse  74. 
Rot  or  Fluke  Disease,  sheep  305. 
Rupture,  horse  58,  cattle  252,  255. 
Ruptured  tendons  and  ligaments,  horse 

187. 
Rupture  of  blood  vessels,  cattle  255. 
Rupture  of  diaphragm,  horse  94. 
Rupture  of  esophagus  or  throat,  horse 

155. 
Rupture  of  stomach,  horse  101. 

Saddle  Galls,  horse  182. 

Saddle  Scald,  horse  172. 

Salivary  Calculi  (stones)  horse  154. 

Sallenders  and  Mallenders,  horse  202. 

Sandcrack,  horse  209. 

Scab  or  Scabies  (mange)  horse  168, 
cattle  281,  sheep  301,  swine  334. 

Scrofula,  horse  91,  cattle  225. 

Scarlet  Fever,  horse  46,  rattle  235. 

Scrotal  and  Inguinal  (groin)  hernia  or 
rupture,  horse  58,  swine  332. 

Scurf  (bran-like  scales,  with  slight 
redness  of  skin,  but  without  dis- 
charge ;  chronic,  non-contagious, 
with  some  itching;  good  habitat 
for  vermin)  cattle  280. 

Seedy  Toe,  horse  205. 

Self- Abuse  in  stallion,  127. 

Serous  Abscess,  horse  66. 

Sheep-pox,  299. 

Sheep  Tick,  the,  315. 

Shivering  or  Jinkback,  horse  210. 

Sidebone,  horse  204. 

Sitfhsts,  horse  182. 

Softening  of  spinal  cord,  cattle  269. 

Sore  and  obstructed  teats,  cows  290, 


X 


INDEX. 


Sore  lips  in  calves,  lambs,  goats,  and 

pigs,  276. 
Soreness  about  anus,  horse  ]  74. 
Sore  Throat  or  Laryngitis,  horse  72, 

cattle  258. 
Spasm  of  the  diaphragm,  horse  94. 
Spasmodic  Colic,  horse  102. 
Spasms  and  Convulsions,  horse  51. 
Speedy-Cut,  horse,  186. 
Spleen,  diseases  of,  horse  135. 
Splint  (bony  tumor  or  exostosis)  horse 

198. 
Sprain  of  muscles,  tendons,  ligaments, 

horse  187. 
Sprain  of  the  back  sinews  of  the  hind 

legs,  horse  204. 
Staggers,  stomach  and  grass,  horse 

97,  cattle  240. 
Staggers  (dizziness  or  vertigo)  horse 

55. 
Stitches  or  sutures  for  wounds,  horse 

178. 
Stomach  and   Intestinal   Concretions 

(stones)  horse  111. 
Stomach   Staggers,  horse   97,  cattle 

264. 
Stomachs  of  the  ox,  the  four,  242. 
Stones  urinary,  horse  118,  cattle  273. 
Stones  or  Calculous  Concretions,  horse 

111,  cattle  273. 
Strain  of  loins  muscles,  horse  186. 
Strangles  (colt  ill  or  pus  fever)  horse 

42. 
Strangury  (passage  of  urine  drop  by 

drop)  272. 
Stricture  of  the  esophagus  or  throat, 

horse  154. 
Stringhalt,  horse  199,  cattle  269. 
Sturdy  (gid,  turnsick,  turnside)  sheep 

309. 
Suppression  and  Retention  of  urine, 

horse  120,  cattle  272. 


Surfeit  or  Nettie-Rash  (skin  disease) 

horse  158,  cattle  277. 
Sutures  (stitches)  for  wounds,  horse 

178. 
Swelled  legs  (weed  or  lymphangitis) 

horse -56. 
Swine  Measles,  cause  of  and  danger 

from,  328,  329. 
Swine  Plague  (anthrax,  hog  cholera, 

red  soldier,  blue  sickness,  measles, 

&c.)  322. 
Syphilis,  ecpiine,  121. 

Teeth,  disorders  of,  horse  142,  cattle 

288. 
Tendons,  wounded,  horse  185. 
Tetanus  or  Lock- Jaw.  horse  53,  with 

note;    cattle  234,  sheep  318. 
Tetter  or  Ringworm,  horse  171,  cattle 

283. 
Texas    Fever   (anthrax,    carbuncular 

fever,  &c.)  cattle  225. 
Thorough-pin  of  the  Hock,  horse  197. 
Thorough-pin  of  the  Knee,  horse  198. 
Thrush  (of  foot)  horse  196. 
Thrush  or  Aphtha  (of  mouth)  cattle 

238,  sheep  296. 
Torpid  liver,  draft  for,  cattle  254. 
Tracheotomy  or  opening   the   wind- 
pipe, horse  44. 
Tread  and  Overreach,  horse  189. 
Trichina    Spiralis    or   Pork   Worms, 

326. 
Tuberculosis  or  Consumption,  horse 

91,  cattle  225. 
Tumor  and  Fungus  of  the  Orbit,  horse 

141. 
Tumor  of  the  Elbow,  horse  182. 
Tumor  of  the  Face,  horse  154. 
Tumor  of  the  Lip,  horse  154. 
Tumor  of  the  Thyroid  Gland,  horse 

78, 


INDEX. 


XI 


Turnsick,  Turnside,  Goggles,  Gid,  &c. 

sheep  309. 
Twins,  cow  293. 
Twisted  or  strangled  bowels,  horse 

112,  cattle  252. 

Urinary  Stones,  horse  118,  cattle 
213. 

Vein,  inflamed,  horse  183. 
Venomous  bites  and  stings,  192. 
Vertigo  or  Dizziness,  horse  55. 


Warbles  in  ox,  183. 
"Warts,  horse  174,  cattle  280. 
Water  on  the  Brain,  cattle  267. 
Watery  Eyes,  horse  140 
Weed  or  swelled  legs,  horse  56. 
Weed,  chronic,  horse  164. 
Windgalls,  horse  205. 
Worm  in  the  Eye,  horse  140. 
Worms,  horse  111,  cattle  287,  sheep 

310,  311,  swine  326-329. 
Wounded  Tendons,  horse  185. 
Wounds,  horse  177,  cattle  287. 


Warble  or  Bot-Fly.  cattle  285. 
Warbles  or  Grubs,  horse  183. 


Yellows  or  Jaundice,  horse  133, 
cattle  253. 


MEDICINES    AND    THEIR    DOSES. 


Acid,  Acetic. — Is  used  externally  only. 

Acid,  Hydrochloric. — Of  diluted  or  medicinal  acid 
horses  take  £  to  2  drams*  (drachms),  cattle  2  to  4  drams, 
sheep  and  swine  15  to  20  drops,  in  40  or  50  times  its 
bulk  of  water,  often  given  with  bitters  and  iron. 

Acid,  Nitric. — Of  diluted  medicinal  acid  horses  and 
cattle  take  1  to  2  drams,  sheep  and  swine  10  to  20  drops, 
largely  diluted  with  water;  often  conjoined  with  bitters. 
For  external  use,  a  dram  in  a  pint  of  water  is  strong 
enough  for  all  except  escharotic  (caustic)  purposes.  An 
ointment  and  a  paste  are  also  used. 

Acid,  Nitro-Hydrochloric. — Diluted  and  in  the  same 
doses  as  nitric  acid. 

Acid,  Sulphuric. — Horses  take  of  the  medicinal  acids 
1  to  2  drams,  cattle  2  to  4  drams,  sheep  -J  to  1  dram, 
swine  10  to  20  drops,  several  times  a  day,  freely  diluted 
and  often  conjoined  with  aromatics  and  bitters.  As  an 
external  astringent,  10  to  20  drops  of  medicinal  acid  are 
mixed  with  an  ounce  of  water. 

Aconite. — Horses,  20  to  30  drops;  cattle  i  to  1  dram; 
sheep  and  swine,  5  to  10  drops.  Fleming's  tincture  of 
aconite  is  about  4  times  stronger  than  most  others,  and 
must  be  used  accordingly. 

*  A  teaspoon  contains  1  fluid  dram ;  a  dessert-spoon  2 ;  a  table-spoon 
1-2  a  fluid  ounce ;  a  wine  glass  2  to  2  1-2  fluid  ounces ;  teacups  5  to  7 
fluid  ounces;    common  tumblers  from  8  to  10  fluid  ounces. 

In  apothecaries'  tveight  20  grains  make  1  scruple,  3  scruples  1  dram,  8 
drams  1  ounce;  (pound  not  used  except  at  wholesale,  when  16  ounces, 
avoirdupois,  is  the  standard).  In  fluid  measure  60  minims  make  1  dram, 
8  drams  1  ounce,  16  ounces  1  pint,  2  pints  1  quart,  4  quarts  1  gallon.  In 
England  20  ounces  make  1   pint,  imperial  measure. 


14  MEDICINES   AND  THEIR   DOSES. 

Alcohol. — Of  rectified  spirit,  that  is,  alcohol  made  from 
grain,  not  the  kind  made  from  wood,  horses  take  about 
1  oz.  (ounce),  cattle  1  to  3  oz.,  sheep  $  oz.,  swine  2  drams. 
Rectified  spirit  is  also  called  spirit  of  wine.  Whisky,  gin, 
and  brandy  are  about  half  the  strength  of  rectified  spirit; 
sherry  and  port  about  a  third  the  strength  of  whisky ;  ale 
about  half  the  strength  of  sherry  and  port.  In  critical 
cases  they  have  to  be  given  at  intervals  of  1  or  2  hours. 

Aloes. — Horses,  2  to  10  drams;  cattle,  1  to  2  ounces; 
sheep,  i  to  1  ounce ;  swine,  2  to  5  drams,  twice  a  day. 
For  colts  allow  5  grains  for  every  week  of  their  age.  Aloes 
purge  the  blood  as  well  as  the  bowels. 

Alums.— Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  4  drams;  sheep  and 
swine,  20  grains  to  2  drams,  in  ball  or  solution. 

Ammoniee  Liquor  Fortior. — Horses,  1  to  2  drams; 
cattle,  2  to  4  drams;  sheep  and  swine,  1  dram.  Liquor 
ammoniac  and  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia?,  being  about 
half  the  strength,  are  given  in  double  doses. 

Ammonium  Carbonate. — Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cat- 
tle, 3  to  6  drams;  sheep  and  swine,  15  to  60  grains,  in 
ball,  linseed  meal,  or  gruel.     Used  cold. 

Ammonium  Chloride. — In  same  doses  as  ammonium 
carbonate. 

Ammonii  Acetatis  (Liquor).— Horses  and  cattle,  1  to 
4  ounces,  given  in  5  or  6  parts  of  water,  diluted  spirit, 
or  linseed  tea.  Diluted  spirit  means  half  alcohol  and 
half  water. 

Amyl-Nitrite.— Horses  and  cattle,  3  to  10  drops.  Try 
small  dose  first.  When  given  hypodermically,  half  doses 
usually  suffice.  Inhaled,  on  sugar  or  in  draught,  with 
rectified  spirit  or  ether. 

Anise.— Horses,  1  oz.;  cattle,  1  to  2  oz.;  sheep  and 
swiue,  2  to  3  drams,  several  times  daily,  powdered.  Anise 
oil,  mixed  with  a  little  spirit  and  olive  or  other  mild  oil, 
destroys  lice.  Linseed,  palm,  and  cod  liver  are  also  mild 
oils.    "<A  little  spirit'  means  alcohol  (in  proportion.) 


MEDICINES  AND  THEIR   DOSES.  15 

Antimony  Tartrate  (Tartar  Emetic). — When  given 
to  horses  or  cattle  for  sedative,  alterative,  or  expectorant 
effects,  1  to  4  drams,  3  or  4  times  daily,  in  ball  or  solu- 
tion.    As  an  emetic  for  swine,  4  to  10  grains. 

Areca-Nut. — Horses,  4  to  6  drams,  in  sonp,  mucilage, 
or  milk.     Also  called  catechu  or  betel-nut  palm. 

Arnica,  Tincture. — Horses,  4  drams  to  1  ounce;  cat- 
tle double  the  quantity,  in  water,  ale,  or  gruel. 

Arsenic. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  6  grains;  sheep,  1 
to  2  grains.     Usually  given  once  a  day  for  8  or  10  days. 

Asafetida. — Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cattle,  1  ounce; 
sheep,  1  dram,  several  times  daily,  in  ball  or  solution. 

Atrophine  (Sulphate). — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  3 
drams.  Hypodermically,  1-5  or  less  the  quantity.  For 
prompt  and  marked  antispasmodic  and  anodyne  effects, 
it  should  be  combined  with  equal  parts   of  morphine. 

Belladonna. — Of  the  dried  powdered  leaves  horses  and 
cattle  take  about  2  ounces.  It  is  usually  made  into  ex- 
tracts, succus,  or  tincture.  Of  the  green  extract  (British 
Pharmacopeia  process),  horses  take  1  to  2  drams,  cattle 
2  to  3  drams,  sheep  10  to  20  grains. 

Bismuth. — Of  the  sub-nitrate  horses  take  1  to  2  drams. 

Boric  Acid. — Horses  and  cattle,  3  to  6  drams;  colts 
and  calves,  20  to  30  grains. 

Bromides. — Horses,  1  to  2  drams,  in  ball  or  water. 

Broom. — Horses,  1  ounce  of  the  succus  (the  fluid  ob- 
tained by  pressing  plants,  flesh,  &c.) 

Buchu. — Of  the  leaves  horses  and  cattle  take  1  to  4 
ounces,  in  linseed  tea  or  barley  water. 

Caffeine. — Horses,  10  grains;  hypodermically  (under 
the  skin),  5  grains. 

Calabar  Bean. — Horses  and  cattle,  15  to  30  grains. 

Calcium  Oxide. — Of  quicklime  horses  and  cattle  take 
1  to  2  drams,  sheep  20  to  30  grains.  Of  lime-water  horses 
and  cattle,  4  to  5  ounces ;  sheep,  2  drams  to  1  ounce. 
Two  ounces  of  lime-water  and  gentian  infusion  often  check 


16  MEDICINES  AND  THEIR  DOSES. 

diarrhea  in  feeble  calves;  half  the  dose  for  sheep.  For 
calves  and  dogs  saccharated  lime  is  used  as  an  antacid 
and  stomachic.  It  is  made  by  rubbing  an  ounce  of  slaked 
lime  with  two  ounces  of  sugar,  transferring  the  mixture 
to  a  bottle  containing  a  pint  of  water,  shaking,  and  sep- 
arating the  clear  solution  with  a  siphon.  It  renders  the 
milk  conveniently  alkaline,  without  diluting  it  as  the  lime- 
water  does.     Antacids  obviate  acidity  of  the  stomach. 

Calcium  Carbonate. — Horses,  1  to  2  oz.;  cattle,  2  to 
4  oz.;  sheep,  2  to  4  drams;  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  in  ball 
or  solution. 

Calcium  Chlorata. — Horses,  1  to  2  drams;  cattle,  2 
to  4  drams;    sheep,  about  1  dram. 

Calcium  Phosphate. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  2  drams; 
sheep,  5  to  10  grains,  in  food. 

Calomel. — See  'Mercurous  Chloride/ 

Camphor. — Horses,  1  to  2  drams;  cattle,  2  to  4  drams; 
sheep  and  swine,  20  to  40  grains.  For  external  use  dis- 
solve in  6  or  8  parts  of  proof  spirit,  linseed  oil,  or  oil  of 
turpentine.  Proof  spirit  consists  of  5  pints  of  rectified 
spirit  and  3  pints  of  water. 

Cannabis  Indica. — Horses  and  cattle  take  the  extract 
in  -J  to  1  dram  doses.  Tincture — horses,  1  to  2  drams; 
cattle,  2  to  4  drams. 

Cantharides. — Horses,  4  to  20  grains;  cattle,  10  to  20 
grains ;  sheep  and  swine,  2  to  8  grains,  once  or  twice  a  day. 

Carbolic  Acid. — Horses  and  cattle,  15  to  40  drops; 
sheep  and  swine,  5  to  8  drops,  in  ball,  water,  or  glycer- 
ine and  water.     Better  in  fluid. 

Cascarilla  Bark. — Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cattle,  1  oz.; 
sheep  and  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  in  ball,  infusion,  or 
tincture. 

Castor  Oil. — Horses  and  cattle,  about  a  pint;  sheep 
and  swine,  2  to  4  oz.,  alone  or  with  gruel,  milk,  or  aro- 
matics. 

Catechu. — Horses,  1  to  3  drams;  cattle,  2  to  6  drams; 


MEDICINES  AXD  THEIR   DOSES.  1? 

sheep   and  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  3    or   4   times  a  day,  in 
mucilage  or  gruel. 

Chamomile  Flowers. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  2  oz.; 
calves,  sheep,  and  swine,  1  dram.  Sometimes  used  as 
fomentations  and  poultices. 

Charcoal  (Carbon). — Horses,  4  drams  to  1  oz. ;  cattle, 
1  oz.;  sheep  and  swine,  1  to  3  drams,  in  gruel  or  other 
mucilaginous  fluid. 

Chloral  (Hydrate). — Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cattle,  4 
drams  to  1  oz. ;  sheep  and  swine,  -j-  to  2  drams,  in  sirup 
(syrup),  every  2  or  3  hours. 

Chlorine  is  made  by  heating  common  salt  and  man- 
ganese black  oxide  with  sulphuric  acid.  The  gas  is  in- 
haled or  the  fresh  solution  applied  in  spray  for  ulcerated 
or  diphtheritic  sore  throat  in  horses,  and  to  abate  the 
discharge  and  fetor  in  diseases  of  the  facial  and  frontal 
sinuses  (cavities).  Both  destroy  the  mites  infesting  the 
air-passages  of  calves  and  lambs.  The  liquor  chlori  (wa- 
ter charged  with  chlorine  gas)  is  often  introduced  into 
the  windpipe.  Chlorine  is  irritant,  stimulant,  antiseptic 
(opposed  to  putrefaction),  deodorant,  and  disinfectant. 

Chloroform. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  2  oz.;  sheep  and 
swine,  4  drams  to  1  oz. ;  given  on  blotting  paper  or 
sponge  for  sheep  and  swine;  on  sponge  or  in  bag  for 
horses  and  cattle ;  put  sponge  in  nostril.  The  chloro- 
formed horse  must  have  its  knees  protected  with  stout 
caps.  Internal  dose — horses  and  cattle,  1  to  2  drams; 
sheep  and  swine,  20  to  40  drops,  in  sirup,  mucilage, 
whisked  egg,  or  weak  alcohol,  every  2  or  3  hours. 

Chloroform,  Spirit  of.— Horses,  1  oz.;  cattle,  2  oz.; 
sheep  and  swine,  2  to  6  drams,  in  water. 

Cinchona.— Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cattle,  1  to  2  oz.; 
sheep  and  swine,  1  to  4  drams,  2  or  3  times  daily  for 
several  days,  reducing  the  dose  or  intermitting  for  a  day 
or  two  if  nausea  occurs.  The  above  doses  are  for  the 
bark.    An  infusion  is  made  by  digesting  for  1  hour,  in  a 


18  MEDICINES  AtfD  TfiElR  DOSES. 

covered  vessel,  1  part  of  red  bark  in  No.  40  powder  with 
£  part  of  aromatic  sulphuric  acid  and  20  parts  of  water; 
strain.  A  tincture  is  made  by  maceration  and  percolation 
of  4  ounces  of  red  bark,  No.  40  powder,  in  1  pint  of 
proof  spirit. 

Quinine  is  made  by  boiling  the  bruised  cinchona  bark 
with  diluted  hydrochloric  acid,  and  mixing  the  filtered 
solution  with  lime  until  it  is  alkaline,  when  a  precipitate 
falls;  is  collected  and  boiled  with  alcohol,  which  dissolves 
both  the  quinine  and  cinchonine.  Quinine  is  obtained 
from  different  cinchonas,  but  chiefly  from  the  yellow,  and 
is  the  active  principle  of  those  valuable  drugs.  Horses 
and  cattle,  20  grains  to  1  dram;  sheep  and  swine,  5  to  20 
grains,  in  ball,  pill,  or  solution,  2  or  3  times  daily. 

Cinnamon. — Horses  4  drams  to  1  oz.  of  the  bark,  20 
drops  to  1  dram  of  the  oil,  on  sugar,  in  sirup,  &c. 

Cod-Liver  Oil. — Horses,  2  oz. ;  cattle,  2  to  4  oz.; 
sheep,  1  oz. ;  swine,  4  drams  to  1  oz.,  twice  a  day  and 
repeated  for  weeks,  omitting  if  diarrhea  sets  in ;  given 
in  milk,  gruel,  eggs,  &c. 

Colchicum  (Autumn  Crocus  or  Meadow  Saffron). — 
Horses,  i  to  1  dram ;  cattle,  1  to  2  drams ;  sheep,  10  to 
25  grains;  swine,  2  to  8  grains,  powdered  and  given  in 
salines.  Salines  contain  a  salt,  or  have  the  properties  of 
a  salt. 

Copper  Sulphate  (Blue  Vitriol). — Horses,  1  to  2  drams  ; 
cattle,  1  to  4  drams;  sheep,  20  to  30  grains;  swine,  5  to 
10  grains,  in  ball  or  solution,  twice  a  day. 

Creosote. — Horses,  10  to  30  drops ;  cattle,  |  to  1  dram  ; 
sheep,  5  to  15  drops ;  swine,  2  to  10  drops,  in  ball  or  sirup. 

Croton  Seed  and  Croton  Oil.— Horses,  10  to  12  seeds 
(3  grains  to  each  seed);  cattle,  15  to  20  seeds;  sheep,  3 
to  4  seeds;  swine,  2  to  3  seeds.  Of  the  oil,  horses,  15 
to  25  drops;  cattle,  |  to  2  drams;  sheep  and  swine,  5 
to  10  drops. 

Corrosive  Sublimate. — See  'Mercuric  Chloride.' 


MEDICINES   AKD  THEIR   DOSES.  19 

Curare  (A  South  American  arrow  poison). — Horses  and 
cattle,  -J  to  1  grain.  It  is  more  effective  if  injected  intra- 
venously or  subcutaneously  (into  a  vein  or  under  the  skin). 

Digitalis. — (So  called  because  the  flower  resembles  a 
finger  stall ;  also  called  Fox  Glove. )  Of  the  powdered 
leaves  horses  take  10  to  30  grains;  cattle,  i  to  1  dram; 
sheep,  8  to  15  grains ;  swine,  2  to  10  grains.  Of  the 
tincture,  horses  and  cattle,  2  to  4  drams ;  sheep,  1  dram. 
The  fluid  extract  made  in  the  United  States  is  nearly  10 
times  as  strong  as  the  B.  P.  (British  Pharmacopeia)  tinc- 
ture. A  horse  was  poisoned  by  two  ounces  of  the  pow- 
dered leaves  in  twelve  hours.  In  some  cases  six  drams 
have  caused  death  in  from  twelve  to  sixteen  hours. 

Epsom  Salt. — See  'Magnesium  Sulphate/ 

Ergot  (of  Rye). — As  an  ecbolic  for  the  mare  or  cow,  £ 
to  1  oz. ;  for  sheep  and  swine,  1  dram,  every  i  or  1  hour. 
Swallow  dregs  and  all.     Sometimes  100  lbs.  of  hay  yields 

1  lb.  of  ergot.    Ecbolics  are  used  to  cause  abortion  or  to 
hasten  parturition.     Avoid  ergot  pastures  in  grazing. 

Ergotin. — Horses  and  cattle,  15   to  25   grains.     When 
used  hypodermically,  smaller  doses  should  first  be  tried. 
Ether. — As  a  stimulant  horses  take  1  to  2  oz. ;   cattle, 

2  to  3  oz. ;   sheep  and  swine,  2  to  4  drams,  in  cold  water, 
diluted  spirit,  &c. 

Eucalyptus  (Blue  Gum  Tree). — Horses  and  cattle,  1 
dram,  in  diluted  spirit,  mucilage,  or  milk. 

Fern  Root. — Of  the  powdered  root  horses  and  cattle 
take  \  lb.;  sheep,  3  to  5  oz.  Liquid  extract — horses  and 
cattle,  2  to  4  drams;  sheep,  1  dram.  The  extract  is 
less  bulky  and  surer. 

Galls. — Of  tannic  acid  horses  take  20  grains  to  2  drams ; 
cattle,  3  drams ;  sheep  and  swine,  15  to  30  grains.  Tan- 
nic acid  is  the  principle  to  which  oak-bark  galls,  log- 
wood and  many  vegetable  astringents  owe  their  properties. 
Galls,  tannic  and  gallic  acids  differ  only  in  the  degree  of 
their  action. 


20  MEDICINES   AND   THEtR   DOSES. 

Gamboge  (A  Gum  Resin).— Cattle,  i  to  1  oz.;  sheep, 
20  to  30  grains,  given  with  other  purgatives  and  in  so- 
iution. 

Gentian — Horses,  |.  to  1  oz.;  cattle,  1  to  2  oz.;  sheep, 
1  to  3  drams ;  swine,  i  to  1  dram,  2  or  3  times  daily,  in 
ball  or  infusion. 

Ginger. — Horses,  4  drams  to  1  oz. ;  cattle,  1  to  3  oz.; 
sheep,  1  to  2  drams;   swine,  -J  to  1  dram,  in  ball. 

Gum  Arabic. — Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  3  oz.;  foals, 
calves,  and  sheep,  1  oz. 

Glycerine,  given  shortly  before  meals,  is  useful  in 
checking  undue  gastric  (stomach)  fermentation,  acidity, 
and  flatulence,  both  in  calves  and  dogs.  It  is  the  basis 
of  many  dressings  for  blisters,  burns,  cracked   heels,  &c. 

Hellebore. — Do  not  use  without  medical  advice.  A 
powdered  ounce,  with  2  ounces  of  alum,  dissolved  in  a 
gallon  of  hot  water,  will  destroy  caterpillars. 

Hemlock. — Of  the  fluid  horses  and  cattle  take  2  to  4 
oz. ;  sheep  and  swine,  \  to  1  oz.  Neither  the  dried 
leaves  nor  fruit  is  reliable. 

Henbane  (Hyoscyamus  Leaves). — (Poison  Tobacco, 
Stinking  Nightshade.)  Of  the  tincture  horses  and  cattle 
take  1  oz.  The  extract  is  6  times  as  strong  as  the  tinc- 
ture. Hyoscyamine,  usually  given  as  a  neutral  sulphate, 
is  100  times  more  active  than  the  extract.  Sometimes 
used  hypodermically.  The  leaves  and  seed  are  the  parts 
used  in  medicine.     Eaten  by  swine. 

Iodine. — Horses,  20  grains  to  1  dram;  cattle,  \  to  1^ 
dram ;  sheep,  15  to  40  grains ;  swine,  10  to  20  grains,  1 
or  2  times  daily,  2  hours  after  eating,  for  a  week  or  10 
days,  omitting  for  a  day  or  two  if  necessary. 

Ipecac  (Ipecacuanha). — Of  the  powder,  as  an  emetic, 
swine  take  20  to  30  grains,  in  tepid  water,  either  alone 
or  with  i  to  1  grain  of  tartar  emetic.  Some  use  Dover's 
powder  (1  part  each  of  ipecac  and  opium  and  8  parts  of 
potassium  sulphate).    Of  this  expectorant  and  diaphoretic 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES.  21 

horses  and  cattle  take  1  to  3  drams ;  sheep,  30  grains  to 
1  dram,  several  times  daily.  Plenty  of  diluents ;  clothe 
comfortably;  atmosphere  60°  F.  Expectorants  induce 
coughing,  hawking,  and  spitting.  Diaphoretics  excite 
perspiration.     All  watery  drinks  are  diluents. 

Iron,  Sulphate  (Green  Vitriol). — Horses,  i  to  2  drams; 
cattle,  1  to  4  drams;  sheep,  10  to  30  grains;  swine,  5  to 
20.  The  smaller  doses  are  given  as  tonics  and  for  the 
blood,  the  larger  as  astringents,  2  or  3  times  daily,  in 
ball,  solution,  or  food. 

Iron,  Iodide. — Same  doses  as  iron  sulphate.  Avoid 
overdoses. 

Iron,  Chloride. — Of  the  medicinal  liquor  and  tincture 
horses  and  cattle  take  i  to  1  oz. ;  sheep,  20  to  30  drops ; 
swine,  10  to  20  drops.  Taken  at  the  same  intervals  and 
for  the  same  purposes  as  sulphate  of  iron,  above. 

Jaborandi. — Of  the  fresh  leaves,  as  an  infusion,  horses 
and  cattle  take  2  to  4  drams ;  sheep  and  swine,  ^  to  1 
dram.  Pilocarpine  nitrate  or  hydrochlorate  (a  component 
part  of  jaborandi),  is  used  hypodermically  in  horses  and 
cattle  in  1  to  2  grain  doses. 

Jalap. — As  a  purgative  for  swine,  1  to  4  drams,  com- 
bined with  a  grain  or  two  of  calomel. 

Juniper. — Of  the  fruit  as  a  stomachic  horses  and  cat- 
tle take  1  to  3  oz.;  sheep,  2  to  4  drams,  several  times  a 
day,  coarsely  powdered  and  mixed  with  fodder.  Of  the 
oil,  distilled  from  the  unripe  fruit,  as  a  diuretic,  horses 
and  cattle  take  1  to  2  drams,  every  3  hours  till  water 
passes  freely.     Diuretics  increase  the  secretion  of  urine. 

Laudanum. — See  'Opium/ 

Lead  Acetates. — Horses  and  cattle,  |  to  1  dram; 
calves  and  sheep,  10  to  20  grains;  swine,  2  to  4  grains, 
once  or  twice  a  day,  in  ball  or  solution.  External  use — 
Sugar  of  lead  is  used  in  powder,  ointment,  or  dissolved 
in  20  to  40  parts  of  water,  with  a  little  vinegar,  to  in- 
crease its  solubility.    Goulard's  extract,  diluted  with  4  to 


22  MEDICINES   AND  THEIR   DOSES. 

G  parts  of  linseed  or  olive  oil,  is  a  cooling  application 
for  blistered  or  contused  surfaces.  An  equally  valuable 
astringent  and  anodyne  is  Goulard's  extract,  1  part,  vas- 
elin  or  glycerine,  6  to  8  parts.  Equal  parts  of  Goulard's 
extract  and  alcohol,  diluted  with  8  to  10  parts  of  water, 
make  a  useful  refrigerant  astringent. 

Lead  Iodide  is  occasionally  prescribed  as  a  gland  stim- 
ulant, and  applied  as  a  dressing  for  ringworm  and  indo- 
lent tumors.     Used  as  ointment  or  plaster. 

Linseed  Oil. — As  a  purgative  horses  take  \  to  1  pint; 
cattle,  1  to  2  pints ;  sheep  and  swine,  6  to  12  oz. ;  shaken 
up  in  linseed  gruel,  milk,  &c.  For  horses  and  cattle  it 
is  sometimes  mixed  with  a  well-made  bran  mash. 

Magnesia. — Colts  and  calves  of  3  or  4  months  old, 
take,  as  an  antacid,  i  to  1  dram.  It  is  conjoined  with 
carminatives  and  given  in  milk  or  gruel.  Carminatives 
allay  pain. 

Magnesium  Sulphate  (Epsom  Salt). — As  a  purge, 
given  in  10  or  15  parts  of  water,  cattle  take  1  to  \\  lb.; 
calves  of  2  or  3  months,  3  to  4  oz.;  sheep  and  swine,  4 
to  6  oz.  To  expedite  purgation  and  prevent  nausea  and 
griping,  add  a  dram  of  ginger  to  the  oz.  of  salt.  One- 
fifth  or  one-eighth  of  these  doses  are  often  effectual  in 
removing  indigestion,  keeping  up  the  action  of  other 
cathartics,  and  as  febrifuges  and  alteratives.  On  horses, 
when  given  alone,  it  is  uncertain.  For  febrifuge  and  al- 
terative purposes,  in  any  class  of  patients,  it  is  conjoined 
with  niter,  mineral  acids,  gentian,  and  other  bitters.  Ca- 
thartics are  either  purges  or  laxatives.  Febrifuges  are 
opposed  to  or  abate  fever.  Alteratives  are  supposed  to 
produce  salutary  changes  in  diseases,  but  without  excit- 
ing any  sensible  evacuation. 

Mercurous  Chloride  (Calomel).— As  an  alterative  and 
febrifuge  horses  and  cattle  take  10  grains  to  1  dram; 
sheep  and  swine,  5  to  30  grains,  usually  2  or  3  times  a 
day,  and  frequently  with  equal  weight  of  opium,  to  pre- 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES.  23 

vent  too  rapid  purging.  As  a  purge  calomel  should  be 
combined  thus :  For  horses — calomel,  1  dram,  aloes,  4 
drams.  Cattle — calomel,  1  to  2  drams,  Epsom  or  com- 
mon salt,  1  lb.,  or  oil,  1  pint.  As  a  vermifuge  (worm 
destroyer)  for  horses :  Calomel,  oil  of  male  shield  fern, 
and  aloes,  1  dram  each ;  ginger,  4  drams,  in  ball,  with 
linseed  meal  and  molasses.  As  an  emetic  for  dogs  or 
swine :  Calomel,  2  to  3  grains ;  tartar  emetic,  same ;  or 
(in  place  of  tartar  emetic)  15  to  20  grains  ipecac.  Calo- 
mel destroys  the  acari  Qmrasites)  of  scab  and  mange,  kills 
lice,  abates  the  itching  of  eczema  and  prurigo,  removes 
the  scales  and  heals  the  cracks  of  psoriasis,  hastens  the 
removal  of  warts,  and  is  one  of  the  best  remedies  for  thrush 
in  the  horse's  frog.  In  the  form  of  ointment,  it  relieves 
piles  in  dogs.     It  should  be  used  discreetly. 

Mercuric  Chloride  (Corrosive  Sublimate).— Horses 
and  cattle,  5  to  8  grains ;  sheep  and  large  pigs,  1  grain, 
in  water  or  other  simple  fluid.  For  most  external  uses, 
a  solution  is  made  of  2  to  5  grains  to  the  oz.  of  water. 
For  itching — corrosive  sublimate,  2  grains,  prussic  acid, 
2  drops,  water,  1  oz.  Ointment — corrosive  sublimate,  1 
part,  fatty  matters,  12  to  20  parts,  usually  the  latter; 
used  for  skin  and  parasites. 

Mustard. — As  a  stomachic,  carminative,  or  mild  stim- 
ulant horses  take  4  to  6  drams;  cattle,  \  to  1  oz. ;  sheep 
and  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  in  pill  or  electuary  (confection.) 
Large  doses  act  as  emetics  in  dogs,  cats,  and  swine. 

Myrrh. — (A  brown-red  gum-resin,  from  the  coasts  of 
the  Red  Sea. )  Horses  and  cattle,  2  drams ;  sheep  and 
swine,  \  to  1  dram,  several  times  daity,  in  ball,  decoc- 
tion, or  tincture ;    used  with  other  tonics  or  with  aloes. 

Nux  Vomica  (Strychnine). — Of  powdered  nux  vomica 
horses  take  \  to  1  dram ;  cattle,  1  to  2  drams ;  sheep, 
10  to  40  grains;  swine,  10  to  20  grains.  The  extract  is 
8  or  10  times  as  active  as  the  powder.  A  tincture  is 
sometimes  used.     Strychnine  is  more  uniform   and   more 


24  MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES. 

readily  absorbed  than  the  crude  drug,  and  upward  of  50 
times  more  powerful.  Horses,  1  to  2  grains;  cattle,  2  to 
5  grains;  sheep,  1-5  to  1  grain.  Both  forms  are  usually 
given  twice  a  day. 

Oak  Bark.-— Horses,  2  to  4  drams;  cattle,  -J  to  2  oz. ; 
sheep  and  swine,  -J-  to  2  drams.  It  is  made  with  1  or  2 
oz.  of  bark  to  a  pint  of  water ;  given  with  aromatics  and 
bitters ;  in  dysentery,  with  opium  and  starch  gruel ;  in 
typhoid  fever,  with  camphor  and  mineral  acids. 

Olive  Oil. — Small  doses  are  occasionally  given  to  horses 
and  other  animals  to  soothe  the  irritated  mucous  mem- 
brane in  chronic  catarrh  and  bronchitis.  Bronchitis  is 
inflammation  or  catarrh  of  the  bronchial  (lung)  tubes. 

Opium. — Of  solid  opium  horses  take  1  to  2  drams; 
cattle,  2  to  4  drams ;  sheep,  10  to  40  grains ;  swine,  5  to 
20  grains.  Of  morphine  and  its  salts  horses  and  cattle 
take  3  to  10  grains ;  sheep  and  swine,  i  to  2  grains. 
For  hypodermic  injections  use  the  small  doses  first.  Tinc- 
ture of  opium  (laudanum) — horses  and  cattle,  1  to  3  oz.; 
sheep  and  swine,  2  to  6  drams. 

Pepper,  Black. — As  a  stomachic  horses  take  about  1 
dram;  cattle,  2  drams;  sheep  and  swine,  10  grains  to  1 
dram,  in  ball,  water,  alcohol,  or  gruel. 

Peppermint. — Horses  and  cattle,  20  to  30  drops,  on 
sugar  or  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Pepsin  is  a  preparation  of  the  mucous  lining  of  the 
fresh  and  healthy  stomach  of  pigs,  sheep,  or  calves.  Colts 
and  calves,  2  to  10  grains,  in  water,  with  a  few  drops  of 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Petroleum  Benzin  is  used  as  a  vermifuge,  killing  even 
tapeworms.     Horses  take  2  to  4  drams. 

Podophyllum.— (May  Apple  or  Mandrake.)  For  chol- 
agogue  (cathartic)  or  sedative  purposes  horses  and  cattle 
take  1  to  2  drams  of  the  resin  (podophyllin),  with  aloes 
or  calomel,  or  with  niter  or  Epsom  salt.  Ginger  prevents 
nausea  and  griping.     Sedatives  depress  the  vital  forces. 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES.  25 

Potassium  Bromide. — Horses  and  cattle,  -J-  to  1  oz., 
every  two  hours,  in  water. 

Potassium  Carbonate  and  Bicarbonate. — Of  either 
kind  horses  and  cattle  take  i  to  1  oz.;  sheep  and  swine, 
^  to  1  dram,  several  times  a  day,  liberally  diluted  with 
water.  For  stimulating  gastric  secretions  they  are  given 
half  an  hour  before  eating;  but  in  most  dyspeptic  cases 
acids  are  more  permanently  effectual. 

Potassium  Chlorate.— (Chlorate  of  Potash.)  Horses, 
1  to  4  drams;  cattle,  2  to  6  drams;  sheep  and  swine,  20 
to  60  grains,  2  or  3  times  daily,  in  ball  or  solution,  alone, 
or  conjoined  with  bitters,  tonics,  or  stimulants.  Most 
horses  will  take  an  ounce  a  day  of  their  own  accord.  As 
a  soothing  electuary  for  sore  throat,  it  is  conjoined  with 
camphor,  belladonna  extract,  and  molasses. 

Potassium  Iodide. — Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  6  drams; 
sheep  and  swine,  20  to  60  grains,  two  or  three  times  a 
day,  in  ball  or  solution. 

Potassium  Nitrate  (Niter). — As  a  diuretic  horses  take 
i  to  1  oz. ;  cattle,  1  to  2  oz. ;  sheep,  1  to  2  drams ;  swine, 
£  to  1  dram.    For  fever  \  the  dose,  several  times  daily. 

Potassium  Permanganate. — As  an  alterative  and  feb- 
rifuge horses  and  cattle  take  1  dram,  but  it  is  not  pref- 
erable to  either  the  nitrate  or  chlorate. 

Potassium  Sulphide. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  3  drams, 
for  chronic  cough,  rheumatism,  and  skin  diseases. 

Prussic  or  Hydrocyanic  Acid. — Of  the  B.  P.  2  per 
cent,  acid  horses  and  cattle  take  20  drops  to  1  dram ;  sheep 
and  swine,  10  to  20  drops,  3  or  4  times  daily,  in  sweet- 
ened water. 

Quassia  Wood. — Of  the  B.  P.  infusion  (chips,  1  part, 
cold  water,  80  parts,  macerated  1  hour)  horses  and  cattle 
take  2  to  4  oz. ;    sheep  and  swine,  4  drams. 

Quinine . — See  '  Cinchona. ' 

Rhubarb. — As  a  stomachic  and  tonic  horses  take  1  oz. ; 
cattle,  2  oz. ;    sheep,  1   dram,  several  times  a  day.     It  is 


26  MEDICINES    AND   THEIR    DOSES. 

used  as  powder,  infusion,  or  tincture.  Rhubarb,  2  parts, 
magnesia,  6  parts,  ginger,  1  part,  all  in  fine  powder  and 
thoroughly  mixed,  make  an  excellent  stomachic  and  ant- 
acid; doses  double  those  of  simple  rhubarb.  In  diarrhea 
in  calves  and  foals  it  exerts  carminative,  laxative  and  sub- 
sequently astringent  effects.  When  the  bowels  are  per- 
sistently relaxed,  2  drams  each  of  rhubarb  and  magnesia, 
with  ±  a  dram  of  opium,  may  be  given  night  and  morn- 
ing in  well-boiled  wheat-flour  gruel,  with  1  or  2  table- 
spoonfuls  of  spirits  or  sweet  spirit  of  niter.  One-third  or 
one-half  the  quantity  for  lambs.  '  Spirits '  mean  whisky, 
brandy,  gin,  rum,  &c,  as  well  as  alcohol. 

Salicylic  Acid. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  2  drams; 
sheej),  10  to  15  grains,  every  1  or  2  hours,  with  an  equal 
quantity  of  borax  to  insure  solubility;    ball  or  solution. 

Savin. — As  a  destroyer  of  worms  horses  and  cattle  take 
3  or  4  drams  of  the  volatile  oil,  dissolved  in  any  mild 
fixed  oil,  or  in  mucilage.  Decoctions  and  ointments  are 
used  externally. 

Silver  Nitrate. — Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  5  grains;  sheep, 
1  to  2  grains ;  swine,  4  to  1  grain,  2  or  3  times  daily ;  ball. 

Sodium  Carbonates. — Of  the  carbonate  horses  and 
cattle  take  1  to  2  drams ;  sheep  and  swine,  10  to  50  grains. 
The  bicarbonate,  possessing  only  about  half  the  strength 
of  the  carbonate,  is  given  in  double  doses ;  ball  or  water. 

Sodium  Sulphate. — As  a  purgative  cattle  take  1  to  1^ 
lb.;  sheep,  2  to  4  oz.,  in  ginger  and  molasses,  followed 
by  a  liberal  supply  of  chilled  water. 

Sodium  Sulphites  and  Hyposulphites.— Of  the  sul- 
phites horses  and  cattle  take  i  to  1  oz. ;  sheep  and  swine, 
i  to  1  dram.  Of  the  hyposulphites  i  these  doses.  Take 
either  several  times  daily,  in  powder  or  solution,  or  with 
food. 

Sodium  Chloride  (Common  Salt.)— As  a  purgative 
adult  cattle  take  f  to  1  lb.;    sheep,  1  to  3  oz. 

Sodium  Chlorata.— Of  the  B.  P.  solution  (about  2i 


MEDICINES   AXD   THEIR    DOSES.  27 

per  cent,  of  the  available  chlorine),  horses  and  cattle  take 

1  to  2  oz.;   sheep  and  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  in  water. 
Spirit  of  Nitrous  Ether. — As  a  stimulant  and  antispas- 
modic  horses  take  1  to  3  oz.;   cattle,  1  to   4   oz. ;   sheep, 

2  to  4  drams ;  swine,  1  to  2  drams.  Do  not  mix  with 
other  medicines  or  water  till  ready  to  give.  Give  in  cold 
water  or  linseed  tea.     Antispasmodics  allay  spasms. 

Squill. — Horses  take  |  dram  of  the  sirup.  The  acetate 
and  tincture  are  given  in  about  half  the  dose  of  the  sirup. 

Strophanthus. — Of  the  tincture  (1  part  to  20  of  rec- 
*  titled  spirit)  horses  take  i  to  1  dram.  The  seeds  are  used 
in  Africa  as  an  arrow  poison. 

Strychnine. — See  'Nux  Vomica/ 

Sugar. — Of  sugar  and  molasses,  as  laxatives,  horses  and 
cattle  take  1  pound;  sheep,  3  to  4  oz. ;  swine,  2  to  3  oz., 
given,  with  aromatics  and  salines,  in  water,  milk,  gruel, 
or  mash. 

Sulphur. — As  a  laxative  horses  take  1  to  4  oz. ;  cattle, 

3  to  6  oz.;  sheep  and  swine,  4  drains  to  1  oz.  As  an 
alterative  J  tne  quantity. 

Sulphurous  Acid. — Of  the  B.  P.  solution  horses  and 
'cattle  take  1  to  2  oz. ;  sheep  and  swine,  {  to  1  dram, 
every  3  or  4  hours,  in  water  or  other  mild  fluid. 

Taraxacum  (Dandelion  Root). — The  fresh  succus  is 
the  best  preparation.     Horses  about  1  oz. 

Thymol. — For  vesical  catarrh  horses  take  5  to  20  grains. 
Its  chief  use  is  in  antiseptic  surgery. 

Turpentine. — Horses  and  cattle,  1  to  3  oz.;  sheep,  1 
to  3  drams ;  swine,  1  to  2  drams,  in  milk,  oils,  eggs,  &c. 
The  larger  doses  are  stimulant  and  antispasmodic ;  the 
smaller,  frequently  repeated,  are  diuretic  and  inspissant 
(thickening). 

Turpentine  Oil  (Spirit). — As  a  stimulant  and  anti- 
spasmodic horses  and  cattle  take  1  to  2  oz. ;  as  a  diuretic 
%  to  1  oz. ;  as  an  adjuvant  cathartic  or  vermifuge  about 
2  oz.,  combined  with  aloes  in  solution,  castor   or   linseed 


28  MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES. 

oil,  iron  salts,  quassia,  gentian  or  other  bitters.  Large 
cattle  take  double  these  doses.  Sheep  and  swine,  1  to  4 
drams;  given  in  mild  oils,  linseed  gruel,  milk,  &c.  An 
adjuvant  medicine  is  introduced  into  a  prescription  to  aid 
the  operation  of  the  chief  ingredient  or  basis. 

Valerian. — Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  4  oz.,  several  times 
daily,  in  powder  or  infusion,  conjoined  with  ginger,  gen- 
tian, or  camphor,  or  dissolved  in  spirit  of  ammonia. 

Veratrum  Viridi  and  Album.— (Green  and  White 
Hellebore  Rhizome.)  Of  the  powder  horses  and  cattle,  ^ 
to  1  dram ;  sheep  and  swine,  20  to  30  grains,  every  3  or 
4  hours,  in  ball  or  dilute  alcohol.  Used  externally  in  the 
several  forms  of  powder,  watery  decoction  (improved  by  a 
little  spirit),  and  ointment,  made  with  1  part  of  veratrum 
to  8  of  vaselin  or  lard.  It  is  occasionally  applied  with 
tar  or  sulphur  dressings. 

Verdigris,  Blue  (Copper  Subacetate)  is  an  irritant 
poison,  and  is  rarely  used  internally.  It  is  used  exter- 
nally as  a  caustic,  stimulant,  astringent,  and  antiseptic. 

Water  is  a  valuable  diluent,  febrifuge,  and  evacuant. 
It  should  be  given  moderately  cold  and  at  frequent  in- 
tervals. Except  for  a  few  hours  previous  to  great  exer- 
tion, and  when  hungry,  overheated,  and  prostrated,  healthy 
horses  should  not  be  restricted  in  their  water  supply.  But 
it  must  always  be  given  judiciously,  especially  to  the  sick. 

Zinc  Oxide. — Horses  and  cattle,  2  to  4  drams,  in  ball 
or  solution.  For  external  use  there  are  solutions,  lini- 
ments, ointments,  and  pastes  or  powders. 

Zinc  Sulphate. — As  an  astringent  and  tonic  for  horses 
and  cattle,  1  to  3  drams ;  sheep,  10  to  20  grains,  in  solid 
or  fluid  state.  As  an  emetic  for  swine  and  dogs  8  to  15 
grains,  in  2  or  3  ounces  of  water.  Externally  it  is  used 
in  powder  or  solution — 30  to  60  parts  of  water  for  the 
latter.  Zinc  sulphate,  £  oz.,  lead  acetate,  1  oz.,  water,  1 
quart,  constitute  the  well-known  '  white  lotion/  It  is  a 
valuable  astringent,  sedative,  and  antiseptic. 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   DOSES.  29 

The  foregoing  doses,  except  where  otherwise  specified, 
are  for  adult  animals  of  medium  size.  Stallions,  bulls, 
and  rams,  owing  to  their  larger  size,  require  larger  doses. 
Difference  of  sex  does  not  materially  affect  dosage  in  the 
lower  animals.  Doses  must  be  adapted  to  the  age  of  the 
patient.  It  is  usually  estimated  that  a  1-year-old  colt 
requires  one-third  the  quantity  of  any  medicine  given  an 
adult  horse;  a  2-year-old,  one-half;  a  3-year-old,  two- 
thirds.  A  somewhat  similar  proportion  is  applicable  to 
cattle. 

Medicines  are  usually  given  (1)  internally,  that  is,  by  the 
stomach ;  (2)  by  inhalation ;  (3)  by  absorption  through 
the  skin.  The  latter  mode  has  also  three  ways  of  ad- 
ministration— epidermically,  by  in-rubbing;  endermically, 
by  removing  the  epidermis  (skin) ;  hypodermically,  by 
injection  into  the  tissues  under  the  skin.  A  ready  but 
less  prompt  or  certain  substitute  for  hypodermic  injection 
with  a  syringe,  consists  in  coating  a  thread  with  a  strong 
solution  of  the  medicine  to  be  introduced,  and  drawing 
it  through  the  skin.  Medicine  .may  be  injected  into  the 
veins  or  arteries;  but  this  mode  is  rare  and  usually  ex- 
perimental. 


MEDICINES    AND    THEIR    CLASSES. 


Alkalies  are  caustic  bases,  are  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  unite  with  oils  and  fats  to  form  soap,  neutralize 
and  change  reddened  litmus  paper  to  blue,  &c.  Potash, 
soda,  ammonia,  lime,  and  magnesia  are  the  chief  alkalies. 

Alkaloids  are  usually  powerful  poisons  or  active  med- 
icines. Those  chiefly  used  are  morphine,  atrophine,  quin- 
ine, cocaine,  pilocarpine,  ergotinine,  coniine,  nicotine,  and 
sparteine.  Alkaloids  are  salifiable  bases,  that  is,  they  are 
capable  of  combining  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt.  They 
are  mostly  derived  from  vegetable  plants,  in  which  they 
are  usually  the  active  principle.  Alkaloid  means  a  kind 
or  form  of  alkali. 

Alteratives  influence  the  amount  and  kind  of  tissue 
change  going  on  in  different  organs  and  cells.  Sodium 
chloride,  sulphate,  phosphate,  acetate,  and  biborate ;  pot- 
assium nitrate,  ammonium  chloride  and  carbonate,  and 
probably  all  salts  excreted  by  the  kidneys,  increase  tissue 
change  and  the  quantity  of  urea  excreted.  The  urea  is 
a  component  part  of  the  urine. 

Anesthetics  (Anaesthetics)  diminish  and  absorb  sen- 
sation. Chloroform,  ether,  chloral  hydrate,  nitrous  oxide, 
chloride  of  olefiant  gas,  light  coal-tar  naphtha,  &c.  Used 
locally  (that  is,  for  certain  spots) — cocaine,  carbolic  acid, 
and  iodoform. 

Anaphrodisiacs  diminish  sexual  passion.  Ice  or  cold 
water  locally ;  potassium  iodide  and  bromide ;  purgatives, 
digitalis,  and  camphor;    a  spare  diet  and  steady  work. 

Anhydrotics  check  perspiration  and  skin  secretion. 
Belladonna  and  atrophine,  picotoxine,  mix  vomica,  salts 
of  zinc,  &c. 


MEDICINES   AKD   THEIR   CLASSES.  31 

Anodynes  relieve  pain.  Opium,  morphine,  anesthetics 
in  small  doses,  belladonna,  atrophine,  chloral,  conium, 
hyoscyamus,  stramonium,  &c. 

Antacids  obviate  acidity  of  the  stomach.  They  consist 
of  the  alkalies,  namely,  potash,  soda,  ammonia;  the  alka- 
line earths,  lime  and  magnesia,  and  their  carbonates  and 
bicarbonates,  &c.  Horses  instinctively  lick  lime-washed 
walls  or  eat  earth  when  suffering  from  acidity  of  the 
stomach. 

Anthelmintics  kill  or  expel  intestinal  worms.  For 
bots — green  food;  a  combination  of  aloes,  asafetida,  tur- 
pentine, and  ether.  For  tapeworms — areca-nut,  filixmas, 
kamala,  kousso,  pomegranate,  turpentine,  and  chloroform. 
For  round  worms — santonin,  santonica  (wormseed  plant). 
For  thread  worms — turpentine  and  essential  oils,  tannin 
and  tannin-containing  substances;  santonin,  santonica; 
with  injections  of  common  salt,  iron  chloride,  or  lime- 
water.  For  fluke  worms — maintain  strength  by  good  feed- 
ing; common  salt  and  soluble  iron  salts  exert  general 
tonic  effects  and  limited  vermicide  action ;  a  physic  has- 
tens expulsion  of  the  flukes. 

Anti period ics  mitigate  the  severity  or  prevent  the 
recurrence  of  certain  diseases..  Cinchona,  quinine,  and 
arsenic  are  reliable  antiperiodics. 

Antiphlogistics. — See  '  Antipyretics." 

Antipyretics  lower  the  temperature  of  the  body  in 
fever.  They  embrace  cinchona  alkaloids,  benzoic,  car- 
bolic, and  salicylic  acids,  salieylicates,  salicin,  camphor, 
oucalyptol,  thymol  and  other  essential  oils,  alcohol,  anti- 
monial  salts,  aconite,  digitalis,  veratrine,  nitrous  ether, 
antipyrin,  opium,  ipecac,  cold  bath,  wet  pack,  cold  drinks, 
ice  to  surface,  &c. 

Antiseptics  arrest  putrefaction.  Carbolic,  nitric,  hy- 
drochloric, sulphuric,  salicylic,  and  boric  acids,  corrosive 
sublimate,  iodine,  creosote,  zinc  and  iron  chlorides,  iodo- 
form,  ethereal  oils,  alcohol,  eucalyptus,  &e.     Antiseptics 


32  MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   CLASSES. 

may  yet  be  discovered  capable  of  checking  the  multipli- 
cation of  septic  germs  in  the  blood  and  tissues,  as  they 
now  do  in  a  wound,  or  external  to  the  body.     (Dun.) 

Antispasmodics  prevent  or  remove  spasms.  Sulphuric 
ether,  valerian,  asafetida,  musk,  castor  and  aromatic  oils, 
alkaline  bromides,  salts  of  silver,  zinc,  and  copper. 

Antizymotics  not  only  arrest  fermentation,  but  they 
destroy  the  several  classes  of  ferments.  Corrosive  subli- 
mate, chlorine,  iodine,  bromine ;  sulphurous,  carbolic, 
boric,  salicylic,  and  benzoic  acids;  many  metallic  solu- 
tions;   temperatures  above  200°  F. 

Aperients. — See  '  Purgatives/ 

Aphrodisiacs  increase  sexual  appetite.  When  there  is 
lack  of  vigor,  the  most  rational  treatment  consists  in  the 
administration  of  tonics — iron,  strychnine,  &c.  Canthar- 
ides  is  unsafe. 

Astringents  contract  the  tissues  with  which  they  come 
in  contact  and  diminish  their  secretions.  Alum,  lime, 
chalk,  salts  of  the  heavier  metals,  acids,  and  alcohol,  with 
tannic  acid  and  such  tannin-containing  substances  as  oak 
bark  and  catechu. 

Blisters. — Cantharides,  glacial  acetic  acid,  turpentine, 
strong  ammonia,  and  boiling  water.  See  '  Counter-irrita- 
tion/ 

Carminatives  allay  pain  by  causing  the  expulsion  of 
flatus  (gases)  from  the  stomach  and  intestines.  They  are 
closely  allied  to  antispasmodics.  Chief  among  them  are 
the  various  aromatic  oils,  with  ginger,  mustard,  peppers, 
alcohol,  ethers,  and  chloroform.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is 
neutralized  by  ammonia  preparations;  sulphureted  and 
carbureted  hydrogen  gases  by  solutions  of  chlorine  or 
lime  chloride. 

Cataplasms.— See  'Poultices.' 

Cathartics.— See  '  Purgatives/ 

Caustics  burn  and  disorganize  the  parts  to  which  they 
are  applied,  causing  sloughing.     The  most  active  are  called 


MEDICINES  AND  THEtft  CLASSES.  33 

escharotics ;  they  are  also  called  corrosives.  They  consist 
of  the  concentrated  mineral  acids  and  alkalies,  glacial 
acetic  acid,  carbolic  acid,  chromic  acid,  antimony  chloride, 
arsenic,  bromine,  and  the  soluble  salts  of  the  heavy  metals. 

Charges. — See  '  Plasters/ 

C  h  o  I  ago  g  u  e  s . — See  '  Purgatives. ' 

Counter-Irritation  is  irritation  of  a  healthy  part  to 
counteract  irritation  or  disease  of  a  contiguous  part.  Mus- 
tard, croton  oil,  tartar  emetic,  iodine,  mercurial  ointment, 
mercuric  iodide,  vinegar  of  cantharides,  and  water  (nearly 
boiling). 

Demulcents  soothe,  soften,  and  ensheathe  parts;  they 
act  mechanically  chiefly  and  resemble  emollients.  Gums, 
mucilage,  linseed,  cotton-wool  and  collodion,  fullers'  earth, 
starch,  molasses,  gelatin,  albumin,  fats,  oils,  glycerine, 
and  milk. 

Deodorizers  destroy  smells.  Chlorine,  chloride  of  lime, 
carbolic,  sulphurous,  and  cresylic  acids,  iodine  dissolved 
in  amyl-hydride,  Condy's  fluid,  McDougalFs  powder,  &c. 

Diaphoretics  excite  perspiration.  They  are  uncertain 
as  a  class.  They  are  all  indirect  agents ;  some  sedative, 
others  excitant,  and  cannot  therefore  be  used  indiscrimi- 
nately in  disease.  Ammonia  acetate  solution,  sweet  spirit 
of  niter,  sulphuric  ether,  diluted  spirits,  jaborandi,  ipecac, 
or  Dover's  powder,  warm  or  vapor  baths — 100°  to  120°  F. 

Diluents. — All  watery  drinks  are  diluents. 

Disinfectants  destroy  the  specific  poisons  of  communi- 
cable diseases.  Chlorine,  chlorinated  lime,  carbolic  acid, 
sulphurous  acid,  corrosive  sublimate  solutions,  iodine,  &c. 

Diuretics  act  on  the  kidneys  and  increase  their  secre- 
tions. Digitalis,  alcohol,  strophanthus,  squill,  strychnine, 
caffeine,  broom,  turpentine,  juniper,  copaiba,  cantharides, 
nitrites,  liquor  potassse,  potassium  acetate,  &c.  Ball  for 
horse — i  oz.  each  of  niter,  resin,  and  soft  soap,  daily  for 
4  or  5  days.  If  it  is  desirable  to  increase  the  solid  as 
well  as  the  watery  parts  of  the  urine,  add  10  or  15  grains 


34  MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   CLASSES. 

of  powdered  digitalis.  The  same  ingredients,  dissolved  in 
a  pint  of  water,  make  a  diuretic  drink  for  the  cow. 

Ecbolics  expel  the  contents  of  the  uterus;  they  cause 
abortion  or  hasten  birth.  Ergot,  hydrastis,  savin,  and 
thuja.     Ergot  is  the  only  one  is  general  use. 

Emetics  cause  vomiting.  Luke  warm  water,  bitter  in- 
fusions, solutions  of  salt,  mustard,  alum,  ammonium  car- 
bonate, copper  and  zinc  sulphates ;  tartar  emetic,  ipecac, 
emetine,  apomorphine,  senega,  squill. 

Emollients  soften,  soothe,  and  relax  parts.  They  re- 
semble '  demulcents '  (which  see),  and  include  many  of 
the  medicines  specified  in  that  class.  Warmth  or  moder- 
ate heat,  generated  by  fomentations,  poultices,  lint,  flan- 
nel, or  woolen  cloth,  and  retained  by  a  waterproof  cover- 
ing, are  a  species  of  emollient.  Fats,  oils,  lanolin,  vaselin, 
paraffin,  with  soap  and  other  liniments,  are  emollients. 

Emulsions  are  soft,  smooth,  milk-like  mixtures  of  oil 
or  resin,  suspended  in  gum,  soap,  alkali,  or  white  of  egg. 

Expectorants  aid  in  removing  secretions  from  the  air 
passages.  Those  of  a  depressant  type  are  such  as  the  an- 
timonials,  alkalies  in  small  doses,  ipecac,  lobelia,  jabo- 
randi,  apomorphine,  and  potassium  iodide.  The  stimula- 
ting are  such  as  the  acids,  ammonium  salts,  mix  vomica, 
senega,  squill,  balsams,  terebinthinates,  sulphur,  sulphur 
oils,  and  saccharines  (sweets). 

Febrifuges. — See  ' Antipyretics/ 

Fomentations  are  topical  baths.  They  usually  consist 
of  water  alone,  but  vinegar,  salines,  &c,  are  sometimes 
added.  They  are  usually  made  with  a  sponge  or  soft  rags, 
tow,  or  lint.  The  temperature  ranges  from  100°,  110°, 
120°  F.,  and  upward. 

Germicides  destroy  germs  or  bacteria.  Sodium  hydro- 
fluosilicate  (recently  discovered)  is  a  cheap  and  safe  ger- 
micide. (Dun.)  Corrosive  sublimate,  chlorine,  chlorina- 
ted lime,  bromine,  iodine,  quinine,  beberine,  &c,  are  all 
good  germicides,  especially  corrosive  sublimate. 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR  CLASSES.  35 

Infusions  are  made  by  digesting  vegetable  substances 
or  drugs  in  hot  water  (usually  1  part  of  drugs  to  20  of 
water)  15  minutes  to  2  hours.     Avoid  boiling. 

Lotions  (washes)  are  watery  solutions  for  external  use, 
especially  in  chronic  skin  diseases.  Strong  lotions  may  be 
used  as  counter-irritants.  Lotions  for  the  eye  are  usually 
called  collyria. 

Narcotics  are  soothers  as  well  as  stupefiers.  Opium, 
morphine,  ether,  chloroform,  aconite,  belladonna,  digitalis, 
hyoscyamus,  stramonium,  conium,  &c. 

Plasters  usually  contain  lead  oxide,  conjoined  with 
resin,  wax,  soap,  fats,  tar,  or  pitch,  spread  on  calico, 
linen,  or  leather. 

Poultices  are  made  of  linseed  meal,  bran,  or  oatmeal, 
stirred  into  boiling  water  until  the  fitting  consistence  is 
reached ;  or  of  carrots  or  turnips,  either  steamed  or  boiled. 
Bread  and  starch  make  mild  porous  poultices  for  ab- 
scesses; spent  hops  for  light  poultices.  Apply  in  flannel 
bag  or  folded  flannel. 

Purgatives  evacuate  the  bowels.  They  are  usually  clas- 
sified as  follows  :  Laxatives  or  Aperients — small  doses  of 
oil,  magnesia,  sulphur  and  molasses,  with  fruit,  roots,  and 
green  vegetable  food.  Simple  Purgatives — full  doses  of 
oils,  aloes,  and  the  various  species  of  rhamnus.  Drastic 
Purgatives — croton  oil,  colocynth,  elaterium,  gamboge,  and 
podophyllin.  Hydragogues — elaterium,  gamboge,  croton 
oil,  &c,  with  large  doses  of  the  more  active  salines. 
Cholagogues — calomel  and  other  mercurial  preparations, 
aloes,  jalap,  podophyllin,  and  euonymin,  for  bile.  Salines 
—(See  '  Salines/  page  36.)  Purgatives  and  other  irritants 
should  be  used  cautiously  in  the  case  of  the  horse.  If 
possible,  the  animal  should  be  restricted  to  mash  diet  or 
green  food  for  2-4  hours  previous  to  taking  a  purgative. 

Refrigerants  allay  heat  and  thirst.  Water,  particles 
of  ice,  acidulated  drinks,  mild  mucilaginous  fluids,  allay 
thirst  and  stimulate  the  secretion  of  saliva. 


36  MEDICINES   AND  THEIR   CLASSES. 

Rubefacients  cause  slight  redness  of  the  skin  and  con- 
gestion. Ammonia  solutions,  mustard,  iodine,  mild  prep- 
arations of  cantharides,  arnica,  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
(if  not  allowed  to  evaporate),  turpentine  and  many  other 
volatile  oils,  with  smart  friction  and  moderate  heat,  such 
as  that  from  a  smoothing  iron.  The  smoothing  iron  is 
good  for  rheumatism  and  enlarged  joints. 

Salines  contain  a  salt  or  have  the  properties  of  a  salt. 
They  consist  of  the  neutral  salts  of  the  alkalies  and  alka- 
line earths,  such  as  magnesium  sulphate  and  citrate,  sul- 
phate of  soda,  potassium  tartrate  and  bitartrate,  &c.  As 
before  said,  ( magnesium  sulphate/  is  simply  Epsom  salt 
(commonly  called  '  salts  '). 

Sedatives  lessen  the  force  and  frequency  of  the  heart's 
action.  Aconite,  veratrum  viridi,  and  the  antimonials; 
also  digitalis,  lead  acetate,  opium,  ergot,  and  topical  ap- 
plications. 

Sialagogues  increase  the  secretion  of  saliva.  Acids, 
alkalies,  ethers,  mustard,  ginger ;  jaborandi,  calabar  bean, 
and  their  alkaloids;  mercury,  tobacco,  iodide  of  potassi- 
um, &c. 

Soporifics  or  Hypnotics  induce  sleep.  Opium,  mor- 
phine, alcohol  hydrate,  croton-chloral,  hyoscyamus,  can- 
nabis, bromides,  &c. 

Stimulants. — Ammonium  and  its  carbonate,  alcoholic 
solutions,  capsicum,  nux  vomica,  ether,  chloroform,  oil  of 
turpentine  and  other  volatile  oils,  aromatic  oils,  camphor, 
opium  and  cocaine  in  small  doses,  &c. 

Styptics  are  astringents  specially  used  to  arrest  effusion 
of  blood  from  injured  surfaces  or  vessels.  They  are  (1) 
matico,  tow,  lint,  or  pressure  ;  (2)  most  astringents  and 
caustics  (which  see) ;  (3)  ergot,  digitalis,  ether  spray,  lead 
acetate,  ice,  &c. 

Sudorifics. — See  '  Diaphoretics/ 

Suppurants  inflame  the  deep  seated  skin  tissues  and 
bring   pus.     Euphorbia m,  eroton   oil,  tartar  emetic,  mer- 


MEDICINES   AND   THEIR   CLASSES.  37 

cury  biniodide  ointment;  also  cantharides,  mustard  and 
other  active  blisters,  when  repeatedly  applied  to  the  same 
spot. 

Tonics  impart  strength.  Sulphuric  acid,  nitric  acid, 
iron,  iron  and  copper  sulphates,  arsenic,  cinchona,  quinine, 
quassia,  cocaine,  cod-liver  oil,  gentian,  silver  nitrate,  zinc 
oxide,  buchu,  &c.  Heart  Tonics — digitalis  and  its  alka- 
loids, casca  (doom)  and  its  active  principle,  erythrophlcein, 
strophanthus  hispid  us,  squill,  caffeine,  nux  vomica,  and 
strychnine. 

Vermicides. — See  '  Anthelmintics/ 

Vermifuges. — See  '  Anthelmintics/ 

Vesicants.— See  '  Blisters/ 


Figure  1.     The  chief  parts  of  the  horse. 


1  Ears. 

16  Throat. 

31  Leg. 

2  Forelock. 

17  Neck. 

32  Tail. 

3  Forehead. 

18  Jugular  Vein. 

33  Hock. 

4  Eye. 

19  Shoulder. 

34  Shank  or  Cannon 

5  Eye-pit. 

20  Chest. 

i    35  Arm.          [Bono. 

6  Nose. 

21  Ribs. 

36  Knee. 

7  Nostril. 

22  Back. 

37   Place  for  Girth. 

8  Tip  of  Nose. 

23  Loins. 

38  Elbow. 

9  Lips. 

24  Hip. 

39  Shank. 

10  Lower  Jaw. 

25  Flank. 

40  Bullet. 

11   Cheek. 

26  Belly. 

41  Pastern. 

12  Poll. 

27  Haunch. 

42  Coronet. 

13  Mane. 

28  Thigh. 

43  Foot. 

14  Withers. 

29  Buttock. 

41  Hoof.      - 

15  Parotid  Gland 

30  Stifle. 

45  Fetlock. 

PART     I. 


THE    DISEASES    OF    THE    HORSE 


SIMPLE  OR  CONTINUED  FEVER 

Is  A  comparatively  mild  and  benign  disease,  lasting 
from  two  to  eight  days.  It  disturbs  all  or  nearly  all  the 
chief  functions  of  the  body,  occurs  independently  of  local 
inflammation  or  blood  contamination,  and  is  common 
among  horses  brought  into  dealers'  stables. 

Remedy. — Comfortable  box;  fresh  air  and  light;  quiet. 
Clothe  body ;  bandage  legs ;  mild  laxative.  Salines  ;  am- 
monium acetate  solution ;  potassium  chlorate  or  nitrate ; 
spirit  nitrous  ether.  Mash  diet ;  gruel ;  diluents ;  with- 
hold hard,  dry  food.  Alcohol,  ether,  bitters,*  acids;  tonic 
as  soon  as  acute  symptoms  abate.  Catarrh,  gastrointesti- 
nal or  other  special  symptoms  must  receive  appropriate 
treatment.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

ACUTE  OR  INFLAMMATORY  FEVER 

Concurs  with  acute  local  inflammation. 

Remedy. — Aconite  ;  occasional  bleeding  in  early  stages 
in  robust  subjects.  Aperients,  salines,  laxative  injections. 
Attend  to   any  wounds ;   remove  any  causes  of  irritation. 

*  Bitters  are  usually  spirituous  liquors  in  which  bitter  herbs  or  roots 
have  been  steeped,  such  as  aloes,  cascarilla  bark,  various  cinchona  barks, 
gentian,  myrrh,  nux  vomica,  quassia,  &c.  Combinations  of  acids  and  bitters 
have  Ions:  been  used  in  dyspepsia,  the  good  effects  of  the  latter  being 
believed  to  result  from  their  stimulating  the  movements  of  the  stomach, 
fmd  froni  their  action  on  the  liver.     (Dun.) 


40  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

Warm  clothing,  but  cool  air  to  breathe.  Warm  bath  or 
sponging  with  warm  water.  Sodium  sulphite,  snlpho- 
carbolates,  resorcin,  or  other  antiseptics  and  antipyretics. 
Alcohol  and  digitalis  sustain  heart  tone.  Salicylic  acid 
and  salicin  in  rheumatic  fever.  Acids  and  bitters  allay 
thirst .  and  aid  digestion.  Light,  easily  digested  food ; 
diluents ;  salines  in  drinking  water.  For  doses,  see  pages 
13  to  29. 

LOW  OR  TYPHOID  FEVER 

Occurs  in  most  epizootics  in  connection  with  blood  con- 
tamination, in  inflammation  of  mucous  membranes,  and 
in  debilitated  subjects. 

Remedy. — Mild  laxatives  and  injections  when  required. 
Salines,  acids,  bitters,  antiseptics.  Quinine,  especially  in 
intermittent  types.  Arsenic  in  malarial  cases.  Alcohol, 
ethers,  or  volatile  oils  promote  excretion  and  maintain 
heart  action.  Turpentine  and  iron  salts  for  bleeding  cases. 
Suitable  clothing ;  diet ;  hygiene  (preservation  of  health) ; 
sponging;   baths.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLUENZA, 

Also  called  Catarrhal  Fever,  Pink  Eye,  &c,  is  usually 
epizootic  and,  comet-like,  appears  at  irregular  intervals. 
Its  worst  visitation  in  North  America  perhaps  was  that 
of  1872-73.  Little  is  known  of  the  exact  nature  of  the 
disease.  It  differs  in  form  and  symptoms  as  it  appears 
in  different  localities  and  at  different  times.  Robertson 
describes  four  forms  of  the  disease — (1)  simple  catarrhal; 
(2)  pulmonary ;  (3)  intestinal  catarrhal ;  (4)  rheumatic. 
Some  of  these  forms  may  be  caused  by  active  living  or- 
ganisms (mites).  The  disease  is  very  infectious.  Severe 
cases  constitute  pink  eye. 

Symptoms. — Simple  catarrhal:  As  before  said,  they 
differ,  but  there  are  usually  shivering  fits,  more  or  less 
loss  of  appetite,  sneezing,  coughing;   a  somewhat  dry  or 


INFLUENZA. 


41 


staring  coat,  eyes  watery,  the  conjunctive  membrane  some- 
times being  of  a  clear  pink  color  (pink  eye) ;  nasal  mem- 
brane reel  and  dry;  pulse  60  to  70;  temperature  104; 
dullness,  debility,  &c.  These  symptoms  may  steadily  in- 
crease in  severity.     Runs  its  course  in  about  14  days. 

The   pulmonary  form,  which   is   dangerous,  may  either 
follow  or  be  independent  of  the  simple  form.     It  has  three 


Fig.  2.     Confirmed  Influenza. 


forms — (1)  capillary  bronchitis ;  (2)  bronchitis  with  heart 
disease  ;    (3)  pneumonia,  or  rather  pleuro-pneumonia. 

The  intestinal  catarrhal  form  is  sometimes  so  distinct, 
and  one  of  its  symptoms  or  complications  is  so  evidently 
connected  with  the  special  functions  of  the  liver,  as  to 
cause  it  to  be  called  bilious  fever.  The  symptoms  resem- 
ble those  of  mild  colic. 

The  rheumatic  form  is  usually  a  sequel  to  the  simj)le 
catarrhal.  The  parts  usually  affected  are  the  great  ten- 
dons of  the  flexor  muscles  of  the  foot. 

Remedy. — Isolate  patient  and  disinfect  the  premises. 
Comfortable  box;  temperature  60  to  65°  F.;  pure  air. 
Rugs,  hood,  bandage  legs.  Injections,  linseed  mashes  and, 
if  necessary,  a  laxative  for  bowels.    Liquor  ammonias  ace- 


42  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

tatis,  Epsom  salt,  and  niter  for  fever.  Mash  diet,  with 
a  little  green  food,  till  fever  abates ;  then  digestible,  con- 
centrated, nutritive  food. 

Catarrhal  symptoms  treated  by  steaming  head,  medica- 
ted inhalations,  or  sprays.  (See  '  Catarrh.')  Flannels 
wrung  out  of  hot  water  and  mustard,  or  other  embroca- 
tions, to  the  throat  relieve  congestion  of  the  upper  air 
passages.     Embrocations  are  fluid  remedies  for  in-rubbing. 

Swelling  symptoms,  treated  with  salines  and  antiseptics, 
require  early  use  of  such  stimulants  as  alcohol,  ether,  oil 
of  turpentine,  or  ferric  chloride  solution. 

Pneumonic  cases  :  Liquor  ammoniae  ,acetatis,  potassium 
nitrate  or  chlorate,  and  camphor.  Fomentations  to  chest ; 
mustard  applied,  but  washed  off  in  15  or  20  minutes; 
reapplied  if  necessary,  or  injection  of  Savary's  mustard 
extract.  With  salines  give  alcohol  and  ether,  early,  but 
in  moderate  doses,  every  three  hours. 

Gastro-intestinal  complications  treated  in  earlier  stages 
by  a  few  doses  of  gray  powder  or  calomel,  conjoined  with 
laxatives;  in  later  stages  by  nitro-hydrochloric  acid.  Ab- 
dominal pain  relieved  by  chloral  and  cannabis  indica  in- 
ternally, or  by  morphine  hypodermically. 

Rheumatic  symptoms  :  Salicylic  acid,  oil  turpentine, 
diuretic  doses  of  digitalis  and  salines,  with  stimulation  of 
affected  muscles  and  joints.  Patients,  if  reduced,  require 
milk,  eggs,  beef  tea,  and  frequent  alcoholic  stimulants. 
(For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

STRANGLES  (PUS  FEVER,  COLT  ILL), 

Is  a  common  and  well  denned  disease,  but  veterinarians 
are  not  agreed  as  to  its  exact  cause  or  nature.  It  is  at- 
tributed by  some  to  a  strepto-coccus,  which  settle  on  and 
irritate  the  nasal  membrane.  It  is  peculiar  to  but  not  lim- 
ited to  young  horses,  and  seldom  occurs  but  once.  The 
fever  (Percivall  calls  it  i  strangles  fever ')  is  nearly  always 
followed  by  an  abscess  or  abscesses  in  the  space  between 


STRANGLES. 


43 


the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw,  involving  the  adjacent 
glands.  The  pus  mites,  it  is  said,  are  liable  to  be  carried 
to  and  inflame  other  glands  in  the  shoulder,  groin,  or 
internal  organs. 

The  disease  is  probably  contagious,  and  is  sometimes 
epizootic.  It  is  well  named,  for  it  sometimes  causes  death 
by  strangulation.  Robertson  describes  two  forms  of  it — 
"regular  or  benign,"'  which  is  easily  cured,  if  not  self- 
curable,  and  "  irregular  and  malignant,"  which  is  dan- 
gerous. It  is  disposed  to  run  a  '  regular '  course,  and 
should  be  aided  rather  than  retarded.    The  tumor,  when 


Fig.  3.   Poultice  and  8-tailed  bandage  for  Strangles. 


ripe,  may  be  lanced,  or  it  may  be  allowed  to  burst  nat- 
urally. Its  most  dangerous  sequels  are  pus  fever  and 
purulent  and  putrid  blood  poisoning. 

Symptoms. — Usually  mild  catarrhal  discharges;  dull; 
cough,  pickish  appetite,  throat  sore,  interfering  with  swal- 
lowing ;  head  pointed  forward ;  mouth  hot  and  dry ;  may 
be  cutting  the  corner  incisor  teeth  or  the  tushes ;  if  so3 
make  crucial  incisions  over  them;  in  doubt  till  tumor 
appears  under  the  jaw;  tumor  steadily  increases  in  size, 
becoming  hard,  defined,  painful. 

In  the  irregular  or  complicated  form  there  is  sometimes 
a  slight  swelling  at  the  jaw,  but  instead  of  maturing  it 
recedes,  and  may  attack  the  glands  of   the   head,  neck. 


44 


THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 


chest,  or  even  more  remote  parts,  intensifying  and  mul- 
tiplying the  symptoms. 

Remedy. — Good  nursing;  soft  or  green  food.  Perfect 
sanitary  surroundings.  Steam  head  where  catarrhal  symp- 
toms are  troublesome.  Fomentations  or  poultices  hasten 
tardy  abscesses.  Sodium  sulphite  and  potassium  chlorate 
in  the  drinking  water  oppose  fever  and  blood  poisoning. 
Sweet  spirit  of  niter  and  quinine  also  for  blood  poisoning. 
Cleanse  discharging  abscess  daily  with  carbolic  oil.  Iso- 
late ;  disinfect  premises.  Milk,  eggs,  beef  tea,  with  ale 
or  wine  if  the  animal  is  weak.  When  at  grass,  shelter 
at  night.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Tracheotomy  affords  instant  relief,  and  is  a  safe  op- 
eration. The  incision  is  made  at  the  point  indicated  in 
the  annexed  cut.     Should  it  be  made  higher  than  this, 


Fig.  4.     Performing  the  operation  of  Tracheotomy  by  Lamp  Light. 


the  tube  will  interfere  with  the  application  of  a  poultice. 
Provided  with  a  needle  and  thread,  make  a  longitudinal 
incision  three  or  four  inches  in  extent'  down  to  the  wind- 
pipe. After  the  windpipe  has  been  pierced  and  the  ani- 
mal is  in  some  measure  relieved,  draw  the  thread  through 


ERYSIPELAS. 


45 


the  part  that  is  to  be  removed,  so  that  it  cannot  be  drawn 
inside  and  thus  increase  the  impediment  to  breathing. 
After  this,  cut  out  a  circular  piece  of  the  tube  about  an 
inch  in  diameter — a  part  of  two  of  the  rings  that  com- 
pose the  windpipe,  not  the  whole  of  one — using  a  narrow 
bladed  knife.  Then  insert  a  pewter,  ivory,  or  box-wood 
tube,  with  shoulders,  and  holes  through  the  shoulders,  so 
that  it  may  be  fastened  around  the  neck  with  strings.  A 
piece  of  elder,  three  inches  long,  with  notches  cut  in  it, 
will  answer  the  purpose. 

The   tube  will   require   to   be   taken   out   from  time  to 
time   and   cleansed.     The  animal   should  be  watched  and 
fed  on  well-made  gruel.     In  time  soft  food  may  be  given, 
and,   should  the    case   take   a 
favorable  turn,  the  tube  may 
be  removed. 

Should  the  violent  effort  nec- 
essary in  coughing  inconveni- 
ence the  animal,  on  account 
of  the  partial  escape  of  the  air 
through  the  artificial  opening, 
place  the  hand  over  it,  and 
thus  compel  the  escape  of  the 
breath  through  the  larynx,  the 
proper  channel.  Fig.  5.    The  tube  in  use. 


ERYSIPELAS 

Is  a  specific,  febrile,  inflammatory  disease  of  the  skin 
and  its  subjacent  tissues.  Erysipelas  mites  (strepto-coccus 
erysipelatous)  are  said  to  be  present.  The  disease  is  some- 
times epizootic,  and  severe  cases  are  frequently  fatal.  It 
is  peculiar  to  the  hind  legs.  The  swelling  is  diffuse  and 
is  accompanied  with  eruption  and  great  pain. 

The  disease  differs  from  scarlet  fever  in  that  the  swell- 
ing is  uniform  and  firm,  not  in  patches;   from  purpura  in 


46  THE   DISEASES  OF  THE   HORSE. 

that  it  is  local  and  painful,  not  irregularly  distributed  and 
comparatively  painless;  from  acute  farcy  in  that  there 
are  no  corded  lymphatics,  and  that  the  sores,  when  they 
exist,  have  no  hard,  circumscribed  bases;  from  lymphan- 
gitis in  that  there  are  vesicles,  sloughing  sores,  gangrene, 
and  sometimes  structural  changes  in  the  membrane  of  the 
mouth  and  upper  air  passages;  also  that  it  frequently 
begins  in  the  region  of  the  hock,  not  in  the  inguinal 
(groin)  region. 

Remedy. — Aperients  for  irritation;  aconite  for  fever. 
Salines,  potassium  chlorate,  with  spirit  of  camphor.  Hot 
fomentations  for  several  hours;  then  moisten  with  borax 
solution  and  laudanum.  Hypodermic  injections  of  anti- 
septics sometimes  limit  swellings.  Belladonna,  internally 
and  locally,  paralyzes  sensory  nerves.  Open  all  abscesses. 
Cleanliness,  good  sanitary  surroundings,  generous  diet. 
Milk,  eggs,  beef  tea,  alcoholic  stimulants.  Ferric  chlo- 
ride solution,  externally  and  locally,  especially  in  weak 
patients;    also  quinine.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

SCARLET  FEVER  (SCARLATINA), 

Is  characterized  by  fleabite-like  scarlet  spots  on  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  nose  and  mouth,  scattered  skin 
eruptions — sometimes  suppurations — and  sore  throat  and 
neck  glands.  It  is  a  sequel  of  other  diseases — epizootic 
catarrh,  &c.  Unlike  human  scarlatina,  it  is  non-conta- 
gious. There  are  two  forms — the  simple,  and  the  com- 
plicated and  severe.  In  the  former  the  pulse  varies  from 
60  to  70 ;  in  the  latter  90  to  100,  with  great  soreness  of 
throat,  a  loud,  moist  cough,  a  yellowish-red  mucous  dis- 
charge from  the  nose  and  mouth  after  each  cough,  &c. 

Remedy. — Comfortable  box;  light,  digestible,  laxative 
food.  Water,  given  with  sodium  sulphite  and  hyposul- 
phite, as  antiseptics.  Ammonium  acetate,  spirit  nitrous 
ether  and  camphor  in  draught,  thrice  daily,  abate  fever. 
Medicines  given  in  electuary  when  swallowing  is  difficult. 


PURPLE   OR   BLOOD   FEVER. 


4? 


Inhalation  of  hot  water  vapor,  medicated  with  antiseptics  or 
anodynes,  relieve  breathing.  Fomentations,  woolen  cloths, 
soaked  in  hot  water  or  hot  oil,  for  sore  throat.  Fomen- 
tations with  hot  water,  mixed  with  sulphurous  acid,  for 
external  swelling.  Gargles  of  potassium  chlorate,  borax, 
or  sulphurous  acid  lessen  discharge  and  fetor  from  mouth 
and  throat.  Daily  rubbing  with  vaselin  or  glycerine  and 
water  removes  scaling  crusts.  Small  doses  of  alcoholic 
stimulants,  acid  solutions  of  quinine  or  iron  salts  help 
recovery.  .Rest,  carefully  regulated,  nutritive  diet  during 
convalescence.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

PURPLE    OR    BLOOD    FEVER    (PURPURA 
H/EMORRHAGICA), 

Is  an  eruptive,  intermittent,  non-contagious  fever,  usu- 
ally, but  not  always,  a  sequel  to  another  disease,  as  in- 
fluenza, catarrh,  or  strangles.  Blood  issues  from  the  flea- 
bite-like  spots  on  the  mucous  membranes  and  a  bloody 
whey  from  the  skin  swellings.  The  latter  are  painful, 
hot,  hard,  and  shining,  with  small  spots  on  the  uncolored 


Fig.  6.    Head  deformed  by  Purple 
Fever  (Purpura  Hemorrhagica). 


Fig.  7.   Leg  of  horse  suffering  from 
same  disease. 


surfaces.     Vesicles  about  the  size  of  a  pea  appear  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  limbs,  and  cracks  at  the  flexures  of  the 


48  THE  DISEASES  OP  THE  ttOftsE. 

limbs,  from  which  an  unhealthy  amber  or  purple  colored 
discharge  issues.  The  sheath,  abdomen,  breast,  lips,  nos- 
trils, eyelids,  &c,  swell. 

The  disease  is  usually  caused  by  blood  contamination, 
but  it  may  arise  from  defective  drainage,  ventilation,  or 
bad  food. 

Remedy. — Potassium  chlorate,  3  or  4  drams,  2  or  3 
times  daily;  then  half  doses;  usually  given  in  drinking 
water.  Iron  salts,  sulphate,  perchloride ;  quinine,  oil  of 
turpentine.  Good  hygienic  conditions.  Concentrated, 
nutritive  diet;  oatmeal  gruel,  milk,  eggs,  alcoholic  stim- 
ulants. Swellings,  when  limited  and  about  head,  bathed 
with  cold  water  and  refrigerants ;  when  about  throat,  body, 
and  legs,  hot  fomentations  preferable,  especially  in  cold 
weather.  Avoid  scarification  unless  swellings  are  large 
and  causing  inconvenience.  Scrupulous  cleanliness  and 
antiseptic  dressings  while  skin  is  ulcerating  or  sloughing. 
Open  windpipe  if  necessary.  (For  doses,  see  pages  13 
to  29.) 

BRAIN  AND  SPINAL  CORD  FEVER  (CEREBRO- 
SPINAL FEVER  OR  MENINGITIS), 

Is  a  specific  horse  disease,  characterized  by  congestion 
and  inflammation  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  and  their 
nerve  centers,  causing  paralysis,  dizziness,  and  sudden 
falling  to  the  ground.  The  neck  and  dorsal  (back)  mus- 
cles contract  so  violently  as  to  sometimes  draw  the  head 
back ;  the  eyes  are  wild  and  injected,  the  head  tossed 
about,  &c.  The  disease  is  probably  caused  by  a  specific 
poison.  It  is  often  enzootic  or  epizootic,  and  always  dan- 
gerous. In  veterinary  medicine  '  enzootic '  and  '  epizootic ' 
correspond  to  'endemic'  and  'epidemic'  in  human  med- 
icine. Enzootic  diseases  are  local,  and  are  confined  to  as 
well  as  peculiar  to  (if  not  the  product  of)  certain  districts. 
Epizootics  are  general,  and  may  spread  from  country  to 
country,  like   the  terrible  influenza  epizootic   of  1872-73. 


HORSE-POX    AXD    DIPHTHERIA.  40 

Remedy. — Slings  if  unable  to  stand.  Full  dose  of 
aloes;  salines,  laxative  clyster  injections,  and  mash  diet. 
Small,  repeated  doses  of  alcohol  and  quinine  for  prostra- 
tion. Counter-irritation  to  spine  ;  ammonia  and  soa}:>  lini- 
ments; ice  bag  to  spine.  If  urine  is  not  passed  freely, 
use  catheter.  Chloral  hydrate  and  atrophine  hypodermic- 
ally  relieve  spasms  and  pain.  Also  ergotin  and  atrophine. 
Iron  salts  and  strychnine  for  paralysis.  (For  doses,  see 
pages  13  to  29.) 

HORSE-POX  (VARIOLA  EQUIN/E), 

Is  a  specific,  contagious  fever,  depending  on  a  microbe 
(mite)  affecting  the  skin  and  mucous  surfaces,  and  pass- 
ing through  papular,  vesicular,  and  pustular  stages.  Rare. 
(Dun.)  The  fever  is  mild — continued  or  intermittent — 
and  tends  to  self-cure. 

Remedy. — Salines;  antiseptics  internally,  cooling,  lax- 
ative diet.  Borax  and  sulphurous  acid  solutions  abate 
irritation  of  aphtha?  (roundish,  pearl-colored  vesicles)  in 
mouth  and  throat.  Lead  subacetate  solution,  with  glyc- 
erine and  water,  relieve  skin  eruptions.  Isolate  and  dis- 
infect.    (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

DIPHTHERIA 

Is  a  specific  fever,  characterized  by  inflammation  of  the 
throat,  accompanied  by  exudation  and  softening  of  mucous 
surfaces.  Contagious.  Affects  horses  and  dogs  occasion- 
ally. 

Remedy. — Ice  sucked.  Spray  with  chlorine,  iodine, 
iodoform  solutions.  Ferric  chloride  tincture,  internally 
and  locally.  Electuaries  of  boro-glycerine  or  glycerine  of 
carbolic  acid;  belladonna  electuaries  relieve  congestive 
stage.  Sodium  sulphites  and  hyposulphites  and  sulpho- 
carbolates  internally  and  locally.  Salicylic  acid  and  pilo- 
carpine aid  in  dissolving  false  membrane.  Soft,  nutritive 
food ;   eggs,  beef  tea,  alcohol.    For  doses,  see  pages  13  to 


50  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE  HO.RSE. 

29.  Boro-glycerine,  or  boro-glyceride,  is  made  of  92  parts 
of  glycerine  to  02  of  boric  acid.  Glycerine  of  carbolic 
acid  is  made  of  1  part  of  the  acid  to  4  of  glycerine. 

A  few  fevers — more  common  to  cattle  than  to  horses — 
appear  in  Part  II. 


RABIES 

Is  a  nervous,  febrile  disease,  originating  in  the  dog, 
occasionally  in  the  cat,  caused  by  a  specific  microbe  (mite) 
in  the  saliva  of  the  rabid  animal.  Pasteur  has  demon- 
strated that  dogs  and  other  animals  inoculated  with  cul- 
tivated virus  do  not  take  the  disease  when  bitten  by  a 
rabid  dog,  nor  when  inoculated  with  virus  which  would 
kill  unprotected  animals.  He  also  claims  that  the  culti- 
vated virus  is  usually  protective,  if  used  shortly  after  the 
bite.  (Dun.)  Speaking  of  Pasteur's  experiments  Williams 
says  :  "If  rabies  be  not  of  spontaneous  origin,  and  if  the 
experiments  all  turn  out  successful,  there  seems  to  be  no 
reason  why  rabies  should  not  be  entirely  extirpated."  But 
lte  thinks  the  disease  is  sometimes  spontaneous.  He  fur- 
ther say3  that  Pasteur  has  succeeded  "  in  rendering  ani- 
mals absolutely  proof  against  the  poison  of  rabies." 

Symptoms. — The  disease  is  manifested  in  a  variety  of 
ways.  Sometimes  there  is  great  apparent  distress,  sudden 
perspirations,  unruliness,  stamping  and  pawing  violently, 
and  finally  becoming  frantic  and  dangerous.  Sometimes 
the  horse  will  bite  the  wound,  tearing  the  skin  off;  in- 
tolerance of  light,  nervousness,  eyes  fixed  and  staring, 
pupils  dilated ;  ears  worked ;  saliva  abundant.  There  are 
intervals  of  quiet  between  the  fits,  but  they  become  shorter 
and  the  fits  more  dangerous. 

Remedy. — When  the  disease  is  developed,  there  is  no 
cure,  but  excising  the  wound  and  then  cauterizing  it  with 
caustic  potash  or  silver  nitrate  may  possibly  prevent  its 
development. 


SPASMS,    CONVULSIONS,    PARALYSIS.  51 

SPASMS  AND  CONVULSIONS. 

Spasms  are  involuntary  muscular  contractions.  When 
attended  with  pain,  they  are  called  cramp.  When  consist- 
ing of  alternate  contractions  and  relaxations,  they  are  called 
clonic  spasm.  When  the  rigidity  is  permanent,  they  are 
called  tonic  spasm,  as  in  lock-jaw.  Convulsions  are  mus- 
cular spasms  of  comparatively  greater  severity  and  extent 
than  ordinary  or  local  spasms,  but  are  essentially  the  same 
in  nature.  The  cause  of  the  disorder  is  probably  nervous 
disturbance.  The  fibers  of  a  spasmed  muscle  feel  hard 
and  are  shortened  and  swollen. 

The  disorder,  which  is  rare,  often  attacks  the  hind 
legs,  when  it  may  be  mistaken  for  spavin  (concealed  or 
not),  hock  disease,  or  patella  dislocation.  (The  patella  is 
the  whirl-bone  of  the  stifle  joint.  The  whirl-bone  corres- 
ponds to  the  knee-cap  in  man.)  The  duration  of  the 
cramp  varies  from  minutes  to  hours  and  hours  to  days. 
Relapses  are  common.  Sometimes  the  disorder  is  of  an 
epileptic  character  (fits). 

Symptoms. — When  of  a  limb,  sudden  lameness;  limb 
may  be  dragged,  or  there  may  be  both  hopping  and  drag- 
ging; hind  leg  may  be  caught  up  and  thrown  out  in  an 
awkward  manner;    standing  position  natural. 

Remedy. — For  ordinary  cramp  of  leg,  exercise.  Chlo- 
ral hydrate,  3  to  4  drams.  Chloroform  inhaled  and  swal- 
lowed. When  of  spinal  origin,  morphine  subcutaneously 
(under  the  skin) ;  spinal  ice  bag.  When  of  cerebral  (brain) 
origin,  bromides  or  ammonia  internally.  Cold  water  or 
ice  to  head.  When  reflex,  remove  source  of  irritation. 
(For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

PARALYSIS  (PARESIS,  PALSY), 

Or  loss  of  motor  power,  is  a  symptom  of  disease  rather 
than  disease  itself.  It  is  nevertheless  of  great  importance, 
for  it  is  dangerous.     It  is  of  four  kinds — general,  unilat- 


52  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

eral  (one  side),  transverse  (before  or  behind),  and  loeal. 
Traseverse  paralysis,  on  account  of  its  intimate  relation 
to  the  spinal  cord,  is  often  called  '  spinal  paralysis/  (Rob- 
ertson.) 

Paralysis  is  caused  by  falls  or  blows,  fractures  or  inju- 
ries, especially  of  the  spine;  overwork,  blood  poisoning, 
grass  staggers,  the  use  of  the  vetch  known  as  '  lathyrus 
sativus/  &c.  When  horses  are  quartered  in  low,  wet,  cold 
pastures,  especially  where  there  is  stagnant  water  and  cold 
air  currents,  the  disorder  is  liable  to  become  epizootic. 
The  attack  is  usually  sudden.  The  hind  legs  are  very 
susceptible  to  the  disorder.  It  often  affects  first  one  leg 
and  then  the  other.  The  sense  of  feeling  as  well  as  mo- 
tion may  be  lost,  which  may  be  detected  by  pricks,  pinches, 
or  blows. 

Symptoms  — If  of  hind  quarters,  horse  down,  strug- 
gling with  fore  feet  to  get  up ;  in  extreme  cases  the  rec- 
tum and  bladder  are  also  paralyzed;  evacuations  may  be 
retained,  but  oftener  pass  involuntarily;  when  retained, 
remove  artificially. 

In  complete  paralysis  of  side,  horse  down  on  affected 
side ;  in  incomplete,  can  stand  and  even  drag  itself  along ; 
head,  neck,  loins,  and  hind  quarters  incline  to  one  side ; 
affected  eye  sunken ;  ear  lops ;  lips  pendulous  and  drawn 
aside ;   drinking  and  mastication  difficult. 

In  paralysis  of  head,  the  face  is  distorted ;  corners  of 
mouth  drawn  upward ;  mastication  impracticable ;  sight 
affected,  but  eyes  retain  power  of  motion.  The  disease 
called  glass  eye  may  follow  paralysis  of  the  head. 

Remedy. — Rest,  quiet.  Light,  digestible  food.  Salines, 
tonics.  Friction,  blisters,  electricity,  impart  nervous  and 
muscular  tone.  Potassium  iodide  and  salines  if  dependent 
on  pressure  from  fluid.  Trephine  and  raise  bone  if  from 
depression  of  cranial  bones.  Remove  any  gastric,  uterine, 
or  other  local  irritation,  or  blood  contamination.  Nux 
vomica  and  strychnine  stimulate  motor  centers  and  nerves. 


TETAKUS   OR   LOCK-JAW.  53 

When  caused  by  embolism  (blood  clots  or  foreign  bodies 
plugging  vessels),  or  by  thrombosis  (escape  of  a  fluid  and 
the  injury  caused  thereby)  treat  the  first  by  rest,  concen- 
trated, rather  spare  diet,  and  ammonia  salts;  the  second 
by  refrigerant  applications  or  fomentations,  bitters,  and 
scarification  when  the  swelling  causes  inconvenience.  (For 
doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

TETANUS  (LOCK-JAW),* 

Has  four  forms.  1.  Cramp  of  the  muscles  of  the  face 
and  neck,  causing  the  jaws  to  close;  the  most  common 
form.  2.  Cramp  of  the  muscles  of  the  back  and  loins, 
causing  elevation  of  the  head  and  sinking  of  the  loins. 
3.  Bending  the  body  and  neck  forward,  with  arching  of 
the  spine.     4.    Bending  the  body  laterally. 


Fig.  8.    Testing  Tetanus.     When  the  head  is  raised  the  haw  projects  over 

the  eye. 

The  exact  nature  of  the  disease  is  still  a  matter  of  dis- 
pute. Some  horses  seem  to  be  predisposed  to  it.  The 
nerve  centers  chiefly  if  not  solely  affected  are  the  medulla 
oblongata  and  spinal  cord.  The  medulla  oblongata  lies 
between  and  connects  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

*  Lock-jaw  is  only  one  of  four  different  forms  of  Tetanus.  This  important 
fact  should  be  borne  in  mind ;  otherwise  an  intelligent  diagnosis  (determina- 
tion) of  the  disease  is  impossible. 


54  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE    HORSE. 

The  disease  is  either  acute  or  chronic.  The  acute  form, 
which  usually  results  from  wounds,  is  rapid  in  its  course 
and  very  dangerous.  It  is  perhaps  sometimes  spontaneous 
and  epizootic.  It  attacks  young  as  well  as  old,  and  lasts 
from  one  to  three  or  four  weeks.  When  curable,  the 
turn  comes  in  about  ten  days. 

The  disease  has  many  causes.  A  nail  in  the  foot,  a 
mere  tread,  punctures,  amputation  of  the  tail,  docking, 
saddle  galls,  castration,  especially  where  caustic  clamps 
are  used;  intestinal  irritation,  either  from  foreign  bodies 
or  parasites ;  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  especially 
after  clipping ;  strychnine  internally  or  injected  ;  in  fact, 
any  violence.  It  may  occur  even  after  a  wound  has  healed. 
Dun  says  the  "  involuntary  tonic  (rigid)  muscular  spasms  " 
of  tetanus  are  probably  caused  by  a  microbe.  The  mites 
would  cause  irritation  of  course. 


Fig.  9.    Feeding  a  horse  suffering  with  chronic  Tetanus.     A  catheter  passed 
through  the  nostril  to  the  stomach ;    gruel  pumped  in. 

Symptoms. — First  stage:  Neck,  back,  and  loins  stiff ; 
appetite  lost;  swallowing  difficult;  lips  about  natural; 
discharge  of  saliva;  jaws  refuse  to  separate  naturally; 
grinding  of  teeth  ;  nose  elevated  and  slightly  protruded  ; 
facial   muscles   twitch ;    excitable,    irritable ;    throws  head 


TETANUS — MEGRIMS.  55 

up  if  touched ;  eyes  watchful,  brilliant,  the  haws,  their 
natural  shield,  shooting  across  the  eyeballs ;  pulse  little 
increased,  but  rather  hard  and  incomjjressible. 

Second  stage  :  Muscles  cramped  generally ;  head  drawn 
upward  and  backward,  presenting  deer-like  aspect ;  hence 
the  name  "stag-evil;"  tail  elevated  and  tremulous ;  limbs 
stretched ;  countenance  haggard,  ghastly ;  eyes  wild,  star- 
ing, protruded,  haws  shooting  over  balls,  if  excited ;  other- 
wise dull  and  sunken ;  ears  erect,  rigid ;  nose  protruded ; 
nostrils  dilated;  gait  hobbling;  jaws  more  firmly  locked, 
&c,  &c. 

Third  stage  :  Symptoms  much  the  same,  but  intensified, 
and  distress  more  general.  Sometimes  the  windpipe  is 
opened  to  prevent  suffocation.     Fatal. 

Remedy. — Put  in  dark  box;  perfect  quiet;  loosely  in 
slings.  Aloes,  aided  by  nutritive  mashes,  gruel,  molasses. 
Salines  in  drinking  water,  kept  within  reach.  Will  suck 
up  sloppy  food  even  when  the  jaws  are  closed.  Foment 
or  poultice  wound ;  remove  any  cause  of  irritation  and 
apply  anodynes.  Powdered  opium  and  cannabis  indica 
extract,  30  grains  each,  softened  by  admixture  of  ammo- 
nium acetate  solution,  3  times  daily  among  molar  teeth. 
Bromides  and  chloral  hydrate  give  temporary,  sometimes 
permanent  relief.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

MEGRIMS   (VERTIGO,   DIZZINESS,   STAGGERS), 

Is  brain  disturbance  (cerebral  congestion).  Its  usual 
cause  is  tight  or  badly  fitting  collars.  This  seems  to  be 
proved  by  the  fact  that  horses  subject  to  it  are  free  of  it 
if  worked  with  a  band  across  their  breast ;  further,  by 
the  fact  that  loosening  the  collar  soon  stops  a  fit.  If  the 
collar  is  not  loosened  manually,  the  horse  will  plunge 
about  till  it  falls,  and  thus  loosen  it  itself.  The  disease 
lias  other  causes,  such  as  general  plethora  (too  much  blood) 
increased  action  of  the  heart,  disturbed  vaso-motor  (vessel 
movement)  activity,  &c. 


5G 


THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 


Symptoms. — Stops  suddenly;  shakes  head  either  from 
side  to  side  or  upward  and  downward ;  head  sometimes 
turned  aside;    head  and   throat   vessels   distended,    their 


Fig.  10.     Characteristic  look  after  repeated  attacks  of  Megrims. 

respective  muscles  twitching  rapidly;  eyes  stare;  nostrils 
dilated;  breathing  rapid  or  stertorous;  fore  legs  often 
wide  apart,  as  if  for  support ;  skin  damp  from  perspiration. 
Remedy. — Treat  as  above  stated.  Cold  water  on  head. 
Walking  exercise.  Hand -rubbing  of  body  and  legs.  Mod- 
erate bleeding  or  physic  sometimes  useful. 

LYMPHANGITIS  OR  WEED  (SWELLED  LEGS), 

Is  inflammation  of  the  lymphatic  glands,  absorbent  ves- 
sels and  blood  vessels,  especially  of  the  legs.  It  is  pecu- 
liar, as  the  name  indicates,  to  lymphatic  temperaments. 
It  is  attributed  to  general  disturbance  of  function,  especi- 
ally digestion  and  assimilation.  Overfeeding  and  idleness, 
cold  and  wet,  nails  in  the  feet,  inherent  tendency,  he- 
redity, &c,  are  predisposing  causes.  The  blood  abounds 
in  serum  (a  greenish  yellow  fluid).  The  second  day  after 
it  is  drawn  the  clot  will  swim  in  it.  In  repeated  attacks 
the  skin  becomes  thick  and  rough,  as  in  'elephantiasis/ 
Sometimes   abscesses   dot    the   limb,    especially   the   inner 


LYMPHANGITIS   OR   WEED.  57 

part.     In  chronic  cases   the   lymph   glands  are  sometimes 
filled  with  calcareous  material,  grating  when  cut  into. 

The  swelling  of  the  limb  is  sudden,  and  usually  reaches 
its  hight  in  from  24  to  48  hours,  remaining  stationary 
equally  long  before  declining.  Any  limb  is  susceptible  to 
the  disease,  but  it  is  a  curious  as  well  as  interesting  fact 
that  the  one  usually  affected  is  the  left  hind  leg. 

Symptoms. — Leg  swollen,  tolerably  firm,  hot,  painful 
and  sometimes  moist,  the  swelling  being  from  above  down- 
ward ;  when  severe,  drops  of  a  yellowish  fluid  bedew  the 
skin ;  fever  active,  and  sometimes  ushered  in  by  shivering 
fits ;  pulse  75  to  95,  the  artery  being  tense  and  cord-like ; 
in  severe  cases  the  breathing  is  hurried,  short,  catching ; 
internal  temperature  increased  from  two  to  five  degrees ; 
mouth  clammy ;  bowels  inclined  to  be  confined  ;  urine — 
not  at  first  increased  in  quantity — is  of  a  higher  specific 
gravity  than  natural ;  appetite  more  or  less  impaired,  with 
increased  desire  for  fluids;  slight  restlessness,  sometimes 
simulating  colicky  pains ;  anxious  countenance ;  looks 
back  repeatedly. 

Remedy. — Bleed  robust  subjects  and  where  fever  is 
acute.  Purge,  laxative  injections,  and  salines  in  drinking 
water.  Bran  mashes.  Aconite  for  acute  fever.  Hot  fomen- 
tations for  several  hours  ;  then  swathe  legs  lightly  in  woolen 
or  hay  bandages.  If  tender  and  painful,  moisten  with 
soap  liniment  and  laudanum.  Clothe  well  in  cold  weather. 
Stimulants  where  preliminary  rigor  is  severe  or  continued. 
Exercise  is  injurious  during  acute  symptoms,  but  service- 
able later. 

In  hard-worked  and  debilitated  subjects,  bleeding  and 
aconite  unsuitable.  Give  them  a  half  dose  of  physic  and 
salines;  foment  leg;  turpentine  and  alcoholic  stimulants. 
Aid  reduction  of  swelling  by  exercise,  followed  by  mod- 
erate work.  Smart  friction  of  leg  daily,  with  oil.  Diu- 
retics and  tonics ;  iodine  or  potassium  iodide  internally ; 
laxative  diet  and  green  food. 


58  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

Careful  regulation  of  food,  work,  and  rest  diminish  the 
chances  of  relapses.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

HERNIA  (RUPTURE), 

Is  a  tumor  or  enlargement  in  any  part  of  the  body, 
caused  by  the  protrusion,  by  rupture,  of  a  viscus  or  part 
through  its  natural  cavity.  When  the  part  can  be  re- 
turned to  its  proper  cavity,  the  hernia  is  called  '  reduci- 
ble;' when  it  cannot,  it  is  'irreducible;'  when  it  in- 
terferes with  the  circulation,  it  is  'strangulated.'  The 
kind  or  name  of  the  hernia  depends  on  the  part  affected. 
The  most  common  and  important  kind  is 

INGUINAL  (GROIN)  AND  SCROTAL  HERNIA. 

It  occurs  in  stallions,  but  is  rare  in  geldings.  It  is 
comparatively  rare  in  this  country  and  England,  but  in 
France,  Germany,  India,  Arabia,  &c,  where  castration  is 
but  little  practiced,  it  is  common.  The  causes  are  over- 
straining of  any  kind,  kicks,  &c,  but  the  latter  is  very 
rare.  It  rarely  exists  on  both  sides  at  once.  It  is  peculiar 
to  the  right.  Sometimes  it  is  imperceptible,  the  small 
intestines,  which  are  the  cause  of  it,  not  protruding  fur- 
ther than  the  inguinal  canal.  In  this  case  feel  for  them.* 
When  the  intestines  descend  to  the  scrotum,  the  hernia 
is  called  '  scrotal  hernia.'  Castration  is  necessary  to  a 
permanent  cure. 

When  the  hernia  is  imperceptible,  the  following  are  the 

Symptoms. — Indisposition  to  work;  head  erected;  ap- 
petite impaired ;  pain  succeeding,  animal  breathes  deeply, 
paws,  and  assumes  various  postures  for  relief.  Sometimes 
the  horse  seems  to  be  suffering  from  fatigue ;  at  length 
pulse  becomes  thready ;  eyes  reddened  and  pupils  dilated ; 
inflammation  causes  slight  colic. 

The  symptoms  of  scrotal  hernia  are  very  distinct,  but 
as  the  disorder  is  visible  and  the  services  of  a  surgeon 
are   necessary,  a  description   of  them   is  superfluous..     A 


NAVEL   AND    BELLY   HERNIA — FISTULA.  59 

case   is   recorded  wherein  the  scrotum  hung  down  nearly 
to  the  hocks. 

Sometimes  hernia  follows  castration,  caused  by  straining 
perhaps.  Frequently  it  is  congenital,  disappearing  in  from 
three  to  six  months.    It  may  exist  in  the  fetus  (fcetus.) 

Remedy. — Cast,  and  return  the  bowel  by  hand,  and  if 
need  be  by  application  of  ice  or  refrigerants.  If  this  fails, 
enlarge  constricting  ring.  Covered  castration  operation  in 
stallion. 

UMBILICAL  (NAVEL)  HERNIA 

Is  protrusion  of  a  part  of  a  bowel  through  the  navel. 
It  is  peculiar  to  the  young,  and  is  common  in  breeding 
districts.  Many  require  no  treatment  at  all ;  others  do, 
for  they  sometimes  cause  death.  In  serious  cases  send  for 
a  veterinary  surgeon. 

Remedy. — Fast  for  several  hours;  cast,  place  on  the 
back,  and  return  the  protruded  part.  Retain  in  position 
by  stitches,  clanvps  of  wood  or  iron,  skivers  or  elastic  lig- 
ature. Cantharides  blister  applied  to  adjacent  skin  causes 
swelling,  and  in  slight  cases  shuts  up  opening. 

VENTRAL  (BELLY)  HERNIA 

Is  caused  by  kicks,  staking,  the  thrust  of  a  horn,  or 
other  violence.  It  is  rarely  dangerous.  When  small  and 
recent,  the  opening  is  usually  closed  by  a  blister.  When 
necessary,  after  returning  the  part,  cut  down  and  stitch 
the  opening. 

Cases  of  artificial  anus  are  recorded  in  both  belly  and 
navel  hernia.  Hernia  of  the  bladder  is  recorded.  It  was 
as  large  as  a  man's  fist,  and  was  separated  from  and  hung 
below  the  scrotum. 


FISTULA, 

A  narrow,   suppurating  canal,  may  be   internal   or   ex- 
ternal, superficial  or  deep-seated,  complete  or  incomplete, 


60  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

that  is,  have  an  external  or  internal  opening  only,  or 
both.  The  canal  may  be  short  or  a  foot  or  more  in  length. 
Fistulae  (pleural  of  fistula)  are  caused  by  diseased  bone, 
cartilage,  tendon,  &c,  and  are  hard  to  heal. 

Remedy. — Before  pus  is  formed,  reduce  inflammation 
with  cold  water  to  the  part;  then  iodine  and  a  purge; 
do  not  puncture.  After  pus  is  formed,  enlarge  the  canal 
with  a  knife ;  pass  seton  or  otherwise  provide  dependent 
opening.  Kemove  diseased  bone  or  other  irritant.  En- 
courage healing  of  wound  from  below.  Where  the  kuife 
is  unsuitable,  inject  saturated  solution  of  corrosive  subli- 
mate, or  sulphate  of  copper  or  zinc.  Where  milder  treat- 
ment fails,  slough  out  ulcerating  surfaces  and  secreting 
walls  with  corrosive  sublimate  or  arsenic  plug.  Dress  with 
carbolic  acid  or  other  antiseptic.  (For  doses,  see  pages  13 
to  29.) 

POLL-EVIL 

Is  a  fistulous  ulcer  at  the  poll  of  the  neck,  near  the 
ears.  From  a  simple  swelling  it  develops  into  a  tumor,  from 
a  tumor  into  an  abscess,  and  from  an  abscess  into  deep- 
seated,  chasm-like  ulcers.     It  is  caused  by  tight  bearing- 


Fig.  11.     Poll-Evil;    ready  for  operation. 

reins,  blows,  bruises,  pressure,  friction,  &c.     A  stiff   and 
hard  halter  or  other  head-gear   or   collar  may  cause  fric- 


FISTULA    IN   THE   WITHERS.  61 

tion,  and  a  low  door-way  or  loft  floor  may  cause  bruises. 
The  disease  is  slow  and  hard  to  cure.  It  will  penetrate 
to  the  bone,  and  has  been  known  to  cause  pressure  upon 
the  brain. 

As  poll-evil  is  the  result  of  mismanagement,  its  best 
remedy  is  the  avoidance  of  the  cause.  For  remedy,  see 
'  Fistula'  (page  GO). 

FISTULA  IN  THE  WITHERS, 

Like  poll-evil,  is  the  result  of  mismanagement  and  in- 
juries. The  withers  are  usually  injured  by  saddles,  har- 
ness-pads, and  collars.  In  chronic  cases,  or  what  may  be 
called  the  third  stage,  the  disease  will  penetrate  to  and 
cause  disease  of  the  bone,  as  in  poll-evil. 

The  first  stage  of  the  fistula  is  a  tumor.  It  may  be 
swelled,  hot,  and  tender,  or  it  may  be  indolent,  mani- 
festing neither  heat  nor  tenderness.  The  former  requires 
a  cooling  lotion,  applied  with  linen;  the  latter,  which 
usually  has  an  eschar  (crust  or  scab)  on  its  summit,  re- 
quires a  bagged  bran  poultice,  confined  by  a  surcingle. 


Fig.  1 2.     Fistulous  Withers ;     worst  stage. 

The  formation  of  pus  may  be  called  the  second  stage 
of  the  disease.  Some  of  the  sinuses  or  holes  are  of  such 
depth  that  ordinary  probes  are  useless.  When  practicable, 
the  abscess  should  be  laid  open,  to  afford  vent  for  the 
pus.     When   not  practicable,  a   counter-opening   may   ac- 


02  THE   DISEASES  OF  THE   HOKSE. 

complish  this  purpose.     When  practicable,  setons   in   the 
fistulous  canals  will  not  only  keep  the  apertures  open,  but 
will  aid  healthy  granulation.     Carious  bone,  cartilage,  or 
ligament  should  be  removed. 
Remedy. — See  'Fistula.' 

FISTULOUS  PAROTID  DUCT 

Is  rare.  It  is  a  sinuous  opening,  communicating  with 
the  interior  of  the  duct,  through  which  saliva  is  dis- 
charged, especially  during  mastication.  In  chronic  cases 
the  duct  becomes  so  enlarged  by  the  accumulation  of  saliva 
that,  instead  of  being  comparable  to  a  goose  quill,  it  will 
admit  the  finger.  The  situation  of  the  fistula  may  be  the 
angle  of  the  bone,  the  inner  border  of  the  jaw,  or  the 
side  of  the  cheek.  The  discharge  of  saliva  proclaims  the 
nature  of  the  case.  The  causes  of  the  disease  are  abscess 
of  the  gland,  strangles  (the  disease),  and  injuries  of  all 
kinds. 

Remedy. — Percivall  cured  two  cases  with  the  follow- 
ing injection  :  Lunar  caustic,  \  dram ;  nitric  acid,  1 
dram;  distilled  water,  1  ounce.  Judging  by  experience, 
he  recommends  that  the  quantity  of  water  be  doubled. 
In  the  second  case  treated  by  him,  the  gland  was  de- 
stroyed. Distilled  water  is  made  as  follows  :  Take  of  water 
10  gallons;  distill  2  pints  of  impurities  and  throw  them 
away;  then  distill  8  gallons,  Put  in  glass  bottles.  Dis- 
tillation is  the  operation  by  which,  with  the  aid  of  heat  and 
closed  vessels,  the  volatile  or  liquid  parts  of  bodies  are  sep- 
arated from  the  fixed  or  solid.     Distillation  is  purification. 

FISTULA  OF  THE  ANUS, 

When  on  account  of  the  friction  caused  by  the  action 
of  the  muscles  of  the  tail,  is  greatly  benefited  by  confin- 
ing the  tail  to  a  rope  fastened  around  the  neck,  the  same 
as  horse  dealers  do  when  they  link  their  horses  together 
for  traveling.     (Percivall.) 


DIABETES,    RHEUMATISM.  63 

DIABETES  (POLYURIA), 

Is  a  complex  morbid  condition,  originating  in  or  closely 
connected  with  certain  disturbances  in  the  process  of  as- 
similation, evidenced  by  excessive  secretion  of  urine,  great 
and  persistent  thirst,  rapid  emaciation  and  loss  of  energy, 
and  in  one  form  (the  serious)  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  saccharine  (sugar)  material  in  the  urine.  (Rob- 
ertson.) Musty  oats  or  hay,  badly  saved  fodder,  malted 
barley,  impure  water,  &c,  are  predisposing  causes.  A 
horse  has  been  known  to  drink  38  gallons  of  water  in  5 
hours.     (Percivall.) 

Remedy. — Half  dose  of  physic.  Iodine  with  potassium 
iodide.  With  iodine  alternate  or  conjoin  iron  salts.  Chalk 
or  whiting  in  manger  for  acidity.  Phosj^horic  acid  and 
bitters  lessen  thirst.  Change  food.  Moderate  supply  of 
water,  with  which  mix  sodium  bicarbonate  and  wheaten 
flour  or  oatmeal.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

RHEUMATISM 

Is  an  inflammation  of  the  fibrous  structures  of  the  joints, 
tendons,  ligaments,  sheaths  of  muscles,  or  of  the  heart 
and  closed  cavities,  caused  by  a  specific  condition  of  the 
blood,  and  accompanied  by  fever,  stiffness,  and  lameness. 
It  is  shifting  or  erratic  in  its  character.  (Williams)  It 
is  believed  to  depend  on  the  accumulation  in  the  body  of 
some  product  of  nutritive  derangement,  probably  lactic 
(milk)  acid.  (Dun.)  Cold,  dampness,  predisposition,  the 
debility  caused  by  other  diseases,  and  heredity  are  its  chief 
causes  perhaps. 

Remedy. — Alkalies,  potassium  bicarbonate  and  nitrate 
in  drinking  water.  Ammonium  acetate  and  colchicum. 
Hot  fomentations  or  flannels  wrung  out  of  hot  water  or 
oil  to  affected  parts.  Then  moisten  with  aconite,  opium, 
or  other  anodynes.  When  acute  symptoms  abate,  quinine, 
arsenic,    Donovan's   solution  internally.     Quiet,  comforta- 


G4  the  diseases  of  the  horse. 

ble  quarters.  Flannels  soaked  with  hot  oil  and  alkaline 
solutions,  kept  on  for  1  or  2  hours,  for  stiffness  and  swell- 
ing. Then  soap  liniment.  Light  work.  If  mild  reme- 
dies fail,  apply  cantharides  ointment.  Actual  cautery 
sometimes  required  in  chronic  articular  (joint)  rheumatism. 
No  bleeding.  (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.)  Actual  cau- 
tery means  the  application  of  a  red  hot  iron. 

BARRENNESS. 

Remedy. — Change  diet  and  surroundings.  Exercise. 
Alteratives ;  potassium  iodide ;  phosphorus  and  canthar- 
ides, small  doses.  Gradual  reducing  of  fat,  plethoric  sub- 
jects. Good  diet  and  tonics  for  debilitated.  Dilate  os 
uteri  if  it  be  impervious.  Change  male.  (For  doses,  see 
pages  13  to  29.)  The  fos  uteri'  is  the  mouth  of  the 
womb. 


DROPSIES, 

Says  Percivall,  may  arise  from  general  or  local  plethora, 
obstructed  circulation,  deficient  absorption,  or  a  thin  or 
watery  condition  of  the  blood.  They  are  either  external 
or  internal,  acute  or  chronic.  External  dropsy  is  a  col- 
lection of  watery  fluid  in  the  cellular  membrane  beneath 
the  skin.  In  internal  dropsy  the  fluid  fills  the  cavities 
of  the  body — the  chest,  belly,  head,  &c. 

Dropsy  is  the  result  of  vascular  (vessel)  disturbance. 
Vascular  disturbance  is  therefore  the  exciting  cause  of 
dropsy;    debility  is  the  predisposing  cause. 

"  Turned  out "  horses  are  often  dropsical.  They  ex- 
change a  warm  atmosphere  for  a  cold  and  moist  one,  a 
generous  for  a  low  diet,  and  sometimes  wholesome  for 
unwholesome  water. 


dropsies.  05 

DROPSY  OF  THE  ABDOMEN  OR  PERITONEUM 
(ASCITES), 

The  peritoneum  is  a  watery  membrane  lining  the  ab- 
dominal cavity.  Anything  that  disturbs  its  healthy  action, 
such  as  disease  of  the  liver,  heart,  kidneys,  spleen,  or 
omentum  (a  prolongation  of  the  peritoneum) ;  improper 
or  insufficient  food,  exposure  to  cold,  &c,  may  cause 
dropsy.  It  is  sometimes  complicated  with  hydrothorax 
and  dropsy  of  the  pericardium — a  sequel  sometimes  of  the 
latter.  The  pale,  straw-colored  fluid — aggregating  gallons 
— is  sometimes  mixed  with  flakes  of  lymph.  The  disease 
is  peculiar  to  the  young  rather  than  the  old. 

Symptoms. — Dull;  if  in  the  field,  alone;  appetite  and 
general  condition  bad ;  disposed  to  rest ;  abdomen  becomes 
gradually  pendulous ;  pulse  weak  and  rather  frequent ; 
membranes  blanched.  These  symptoms  may  become  in- 
tensified and  multiplied,  the  swelling  extending  to  the 
limbs,  &c.  When  the  liver  is  much  diseased,  the  urine 
is  always  scanty  and  biliary ;  when  the  kidneys  are  dis- 
eased, it  is  charged  with  albumen. 

Remedy. — Diuretics,  salines,  oil  of  turpentine.  Digi- 
talis in  heart  complications.  Combat  liver  complications. 
(See  liver  diseases.)     Tapping  gives  relief. 

Shelter,  good  food,  some  exercise.  Cautious  use  of  prep- 
arations of  iron.  When  bowels  confined,  moderate  doses 
of  aloes  at  long  intervals,  or  sulphate  of  soda  steadily. 
For  albumen  in  urine,  perchloride  or  sulphate  of  iron, 
with  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  alternated  with  solution  of 
iodine  or  iodide  of  potassium — one  in  morning,  other  at 
night — using  diuretics,  if  at  all,  sparingly.  Remove  local 
swelling  by  fomentation,  smart  friction,  with  simple  oil, 
and  moderate  exercise.  For  chronic,  debilitated  cases,  2, 
3,  or  even  4  ounces  cod-liver  oil,  twice  a  day,  mixed  with 
4  or  5  eggs.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 


CG  THE   DISEASES  OF  THE  HOfcSE. 

DROPSIES,  GENERAL  (ANASARCA), 

Swell  the  legs,  sheath,  breast,  belly,  lips,  eyelids,  &c. 
They  are  often  the  result  of  either  constitutional  disease 
or  deficiency  and  poverty  of  blood.  They  are  external— 
beneath  the  skin — but  in  chronic  cases  there  may  be  in- 
ternal accumulations  also,  and  sometimes  sympathetic  in- 
flammation of  the  air  passages.  The  latter  is  a  very  dan- 
gerous complication.  The  swellings  have  a  soft  feel  and 
pit  on  pressure.  Dullness,  loss  of  appetite,  strength,  and 
flesh,  short  and  difficult  breathing,  and  frequent  and  in- 
distinct pulse  are  characteristic  symptoms. 

Remedy. — Turkish  baths.  Digitalis  infusion  and  strych- 
nine are  useful  in  most  dropsies,  especially  in  dropsy  of 
the  heart,  in  which  give  with  salines.  Copaiba  in  heart 
and  liver  cases.  Laxatives  and  potassium  iodide  in  kid- 
ney cases.  Encourage  vicarious  functions  of  bowels  and 
skin  in  kidney  cases.  Iron  and  salines  for  lack  of  blood. 
Friction,  shampooing,  external  stimulants.  Draw  off  water 
with  trocar.  Also  with  aspirator  (injection-like  syringe). 
Acupuncture  (the  introduction  of  needles  into  the  living 
tissues  for  remedial  purposes.) 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

DROPSY  OF  THE  SCROTUM  (HYDROCELE), 

Is  rare. 

Remedy.— Evacuate  by  trocar  and  canula.  Injection 
of  iodine  or  other  astringent  solution. 

SEROUS  ABSCESS 

Is  a  kind  of  dropsy.  It  is  usually  situated  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  thigh,  in  front  of  the  stifle,  the  breast,  the 
shoulder,  and  the  arm.  Though  circumscribed,  the  ab- 
scesses are  occasionally  of  considerable  size.  Their  shape' 
is  ovoid,  flattened  upon  the  surface.  They  have  a  soft, 
fluctuating  feel,  and,  when  punctured,  emit  a  jet  of  straw- 


GLANDERS  AND  FARCY.  67 

colored  fluid,  very  like  the  serum  (water  or  whey)  of  the 
blood.  They  are  caused  by  blows  or  other  contusions. 
Percivall  suggests  that  there  may  be  another  kind  of  serous 
abscess — one  that  arises  spontaneously. 

Remedy. — Do  not  attempt  to  disperse  these  tumors. 
Lance  them.  Inject  with  one  of  the  following  mixtures  : 
1.  White  vitriol,  1  scruple;  distilled  water,  1  ounce.  2. 
Lunar  caustic,  1  scruple ;  distilled  water,  1  ounce.  Or 
pass  a  seton  through  the  enlargement.  After  the  injec- 
tion, or  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  seton,  a  compress  and 
roller  will  agglutinate  the  sides  of  the  cavity.  The  seton 
should  be  retained  only  till  healthy  pus  is  produced.  In 
some  cases,  especially  where  a  bandage  cannot  be  kept  on 
nor  a  seton  be  inserted,  sloughing  the  sac  with  a  sharp 
escharotic  (caustic),  such  as  powdered  blue  vitriol,  is  the 
best  means  of  cure.     (Percivall.) 


GLANDERS  AND  FARCY 

Is  a  malignant,  contagious,  and  fatal  disease,  due  to 
the  introduction  into  the  animal  economy,  or  of  genera- 
tion within  it,  of  a  virus  (said  by  Dr.  Struck  of  Berlin 
to  consist  of  an  organism,  the  '  Bacillus  mallei/  about  the 
same  size  as  those  of  tuberculosis),  which,  infecting  the 
whole  system,  shows  specific  effects  on  the  nasal  mem- 
brane, the  lungs,  and  the  lymphatic  glands  and  ducts. 
It  originates  spontaneously  in  the  horse,  ass,  and  mule, 
and  is  transmissible  to  sheep,  goats,  dogs,  cats,  mice,  and 
rabbits ;  also  to  man,  in  whom  the  virus  seems  to  increase 
in  malignancy.  Cattle,  swine,  and  fowl  resist  it,  even 
when  inoculated.  It  may  occur  under  at  least  four  forms- 
acute  and  chronic  glanders;  acute  (bud)  and  chronic 
(button)  farcy.     (Williams.) 

Old  age,  bad  food  and  management,  overwork,  exhaust- 
ing diseases,  such  as  diabetes  insipidus ;   specific  miasmatic 


08  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

or  animal  poisons,  especially  those  of  overcrowded  stables, 
&c,  are  believed  to  be  predisposing  causes  of  glanders. 

The  discharge  from  the  nostrils  caused  by  caries  of  the 
nasal  bones  and  the  roots  of  the  upper  molar  teeth  (the 
back  molars),  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  glanders.  This 
need  not  be  if  the  following  facts  are  noted  :  In  glanders 
the  discharge,  at  first,  is  never  fetid  ;  in  caries  it  is  always 
fetid.  In  glanders,  however,  the  discharge  becomes  very 
offensive  in  the  course  of  time.  The  latter  fact  is  very 
valuable  in  a  diagnostic  point  of  view. 

When  described  as  distinct  diseases,  glanders  is  said  to 
affect  the  nasal  membrane,   farcy  the  skin. 

Remedy. — Dress  farcy  buds  with  mercuric  iodide  oint- 
ment or  stick  of  silver  nitrate.  Sodium  hyposulphite ; 
iron  and  copper  sulphates ;  arsenic  internally.  Liberal 
diet;  exercise  desirable,  except  in  acute  cases.  Isolate 
from  healthy  animals ;  disinfect.  Treatment  only  pallia- 
tive.    Better  slaughter.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 


OSTEOPOROSIS  (HARDENING), 

Consists  in  the  excessive  development  of  the  tissues 
which  occupy  the  canals  and  cells  of  bones,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  actual  quantity  of  bony  matter  remains 
unaltered.  (Rokitansky.)  From  perverted  nutrition  the 
bones  are  thus  swollen  and  brittle.  The  cartilaginous 
tissues,  and  even  the  teeth,  undergo  similar  degeneration. 
The  disease  occurs  in  horses,   cattle,  and  sheep. 

Incurable.  Prevention  consists  in  furnishing  food  con- 
taining a  proper  proportion  of  all  the  elements  of  nutrition. 


FLYBLOW  (Magots  from), 

If  neglected,  may  result  in  death.  Sheep  suffer  more 
perhaps  than  horses. 

Remedy. — Turpentine;  tar  oil;  corrosive  sublimate 
solution. 


RICKETS. 


69 


RICKETS  (RACHITIS), 

Is  faulty  development  and  softening  (causing  bending) 
of  the  bones  of  young  animals,  depending  on  disordered 
nutrition  of  the  osseous  (bony)  tissue ;  in  fact,  to  the  mal- 
assimilation  and  non-development  of  the  materials  neces- 
sary to  the  formation  of 
bone — namely,  phosphate 
and  carbonate  of  lime. 

Rickets  appears  when 
the  patient  is  a  few  weeks 
or  months  old,  and  is  caus- 
ed by  constitutional  debil- 
ity, scrofulous  taint,  or  by 
external  and  preventable 
causes.  Thus  we  find  it 
in  calves  that  are  not  al- 
lowed to  suckle  their  moth- 
er, and  in  foals  that  suckle 
but  two  or  three  times  a 
day,  the  mother  being  at 
work.  Young  animals  fed 
on  artificial  food  instead  of 
milk,  and  not  allowed  prop- 
er exercise,  or  reared  under 
any  unnatural  conditions, 
are  liable  to  become  rick- 
etv. 


Fig.  13.     Rickets  in  humerus  of  dog. 


Remedy. — Nourishing  diet.  Milk,  crushed  oats,  with 
linseed,  for  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine.  Milk,  meat  soup, 
cod-liver  oil  for  dogs.  In  sucking  animals,  see  to  quality 
and  quantity  of  milk.  An  aperient  or  antacids  will  rec- 
tify digestive  derangement.  Calcium  phosphate  ;  Parrish's 
food  ;  iron  salts ;  healthy  surroundings.  Splints  and  ban- 
dages if  needed.     (For  doses,,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 


DISEASES    OF    THE    AIR    PASSAGES. 


The  air  passages  are  the  nostrils,  the  larynx,  the  wind- 
pipe and  its  ramifications,  and  the  bronchial  tubes.  The 
horse,  on  account  of  the  great  size  of  the  soft  palate,  can- 
not breathe  through  its  mouth.  The  chambers  of  the  nose 
are  therefore  exposed  to  noxious  effluvias  in  the  air,  while 
the  mouth  is  exempt.  This  difference  from  man  in  struc- 
ture and  economy  probably  accounts  for  the  proneness  of 
the  horse  to  pulmonary  affections.  The  nasal  membrane 
should  be  frequently  inspected.  In  health  it  displays  a 
dotted,  shining,  humid  aspect,  of  a  more  or  less  flesh 
color.     Mucus  is  a  sign  of  disease. 

CATARRH, 

An  unhealthy  discharge  from  the  nose,  in  the  membrane 
of  which  it  has  its  seat,  is  usually  if  not  invariably  the 
result  of  cold — that  is,  cold  that  causes  unusual  suffering. 
Percivall  says  that  catarrh  is  much  oftener  the  result  of 
transition  from  cold  to  heat  than  from  heat  to  cold ;  also 
that  horses  kept  in  the  open  air  altogether  are  hardly 
susceptible  to  catarrh. 

The  disease  is  peculiar  to  young  horses  and  is  sometimes 
epizootic.  It  is  common,  but  it  is  usually  harmless.  How- 
ever, it  should  not  be  neglected,  for  it  may  lead  to  bron- 
chitis, nasal  gleet,  roaring,  &c. 

Simple  and  Febrile  Symptoms.— Sneezing;  redness 
and  dryness  of  nasal  membrane ;  watery,  irritating  dis- 
charge, becoming  in  a  few  days  turbid,  yellowish,  and 
irregular ;  redness  of  conjunctival  (eye)  membrane ;  copi- 
ous tears;  hanging  head;  yawning;  heat  and  pain  over 


CATARRH. 


71 


frontal  sinuses ;  small,  loose,  diffuse  swellings  under  jaw  ; 
sometimes  coughing,  with  or  without  soreness  of  throat  : 
varying  degrees  of  fever,  dullness,  and  debility ;  staring 
coat ;  rigors  or  shivering  fits ;  surface  temperature  now 
elevated,  now  depressed:  internal  temperature  elevated  3 
or  4  degrees;  pulse  and  breathing  quickened;  appetite 
diminished.  As  the  acute  symptoms  subside,  the  disease 
becoming  subacute  or  established  as  it  were,  the  animal 
improves.  In  some  cases  the  symptoms  are  much  more 
severe  than  above  described,  sometimes  threatening  suffo- 
cation. 


Fig.  14.     Steaming  apparatus  for  Catarrh,  Bronchitis,  &c. 

Chronic  Symptoms. — The  discharge  is  considerably 
altered  in  character,  and  is  for  a  time  at  least  less  in 
quantity;  but  the  quantity  varies — more  one  day  than 
another.  Sometimes  the  discharge  is  white  and  glairy ; 
sometimes  a  yellow  mixture  of  pus  and  mucus ;  in  rare 
cases,  opaque,  thin,  dirty-looking  mucus;  appetite  good, 
but  animal  lacks  bloom,  vigor,  vivacity ;  coat  open ;  skin 
scurfy;  nasal  membrane  rather  soft,  blanched,  thickened, 
and  less  vascular-looking,  and  of  a  slate  or  leaden  hue. 

Remedy. — Simple  form:  House  comfortably;  clothe 
body  and  head ;  bandage  legs.  Temperature  60  to  65°  F. 
Steam  head  with  vapor  of  water  alone,  or  medicated  with 
•antiseptic  or  anodyne.    Warm  or  vapor  bath ;  dry  quickly 


72  THE    DISEASES   OE   THE   HORSE. 

and  reclothe ;  mash  diet  or  green  food ;  laxative  injec- 
tions; purge  if  necessary.  Ammonia  acetate  solution; 
potassium  nitrate  and  chlorate;  other  saline  electuaries. 
Hot  fomentations ;    stimulating  embrocations  to  throat. 

Chronic  form  :  Isolate ;  rest  or  light  work ;  if  the  coat 
is  rough,  clip  or  singe.  Arsenic,  iron,  copaiba,  terrebene 
improve  general  condition.  Inhalation  or  spray  of  sul- 
phurous or  carbolic  acid  or  iodoform.  Astringent  nasal, 
douche  or  spray;  blister  over  nasal  sinuses.  (For  doses, 
see  pages  13  to  29.) 

SORE  THROAT  (LARYNGITIS), 

Is  a  rather  common,  rapid,  and  dangerous  disease.  The 
inflammation  usually  extends  to  the  pharynx  and  contigu- 
ous parts.  The  swelling  and  mucous  accumulations  some- 
times cause  death  by  suffocation.  The  causes  are  the  same 
as  those  of  catarrh  and  bronchitis,  and  most  of  the  effects 
and  complications  are  the  same  also.  Long-continued  and 
hacking  coughs  are  frequently  present. 

Robertson  divides  the  disease  into  two  forms — catarrhal 
and  swollen.  He  also  speaks  of  a  chronic  form,  consisting 
of  muscular  wasting  and  degeneration,  with  adventitious 
growth  and  changes  of  inherent  tissue — the  same  as  in 
roaring. 

Symptoms. — Head  elevated  and  protruded;  more  oi 
less  difficulty  in  swallowing ;  ropy  and  tenacious  saliva ; 
cough  at  first  hard  and  rather  sonorous ;  as  the  disease 
advances  and  the  secretion  increases,  it  is  less  resonant, 
rather  suppressed,  and  emitted  with  evidence  of  pain. 
More  or  less  fever ;  restless ;  stamps,  tosses  head,  pulls 
backward.  Pulse  high,  eyes  prominent,  legs  and  ears  cold. 
Spasms  of  the  larynx  sometimes  occur,  followed  by  great 
difficulty  in  breathing,  loud,  shrill,  trumpet-like  sounds,  &c. 

Purple-hued  nasal  membrane,  difficulty  in  breathing, 
stupor,  anxiety,  restlessness,  &c,  according  to  Robertson, 
are  characteristic  of  the  swollen  form  of  laryngitis. 


SORE   THROAT — NASAL    GLEET.  73 

Remedy. — Comfortable  box  and  clothing;  protect  from 
drafts;  moist  atmosphere  of  60  to  T0°  F.  Steam  head 
and  throat  persistently  with  medicated  vapor ;  heat  and 
moisture  externally.  Aconite  and  laxatives  abate  fever  in 
early  stages  of  acute  attacks.  Emetics  relieve  fever  and 
difficult  breathing  in  dogs  and  pigs.  Ammonium  acetate 
solution,  camphor,  and  belladonna  confections.  Benzoin, 
sulphurous  acid,  iodine,  or  chloroform  as  inhalation,  spray, 
or  confection.  Salicylic  acid  and  potassium  chlorate  as 
confection  every  hour  where  swelling  is  great.  Counter- 
irritants — soap  and  opium  liniment,  mustard,  cantharides. 
Tube  in  windpipe  if  necessary. 

Chronic  form  :  Alum,  ferric  chloride,  <sulpho-carbolates, 
or  tannic  acid  as  confection  or  spray.  Belladonna  and 
camphor,  with  glycerine  and  water,  as  anodyne  gargle. 
Thickening  of  mucous  membrane  treated  by  potassium 
iodide  and  counter-irritants.  Essence  of  mustard  hypo- 
dermically.  Ulceration  of  the  opening  of  the  glottis  (rima 
glottidis)  treated  with  silver  nitrate. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

NASAL  GLEET  (OZENA  OR  OZCENA), 

Is  usually  preceded  by  an  inflammatory  or  catarrhal  at- 
tack, but  it  may  occur  spontaneously.  It  is  more  likely 
to  follow  chronic  than  acute  catarrh.  It  is  peculiar  to 
adult  or  old  horses  rather  than  young.  It  is  sometimes 
mistaken  for  glanders. 

In  most  cases  the  discharge,  which  is  usually  from  both 
nostrils,  continues  long  after  inflammation  has  ceased.  It 
is  more  mucous  than  purulent,  is  remarkably  white,  and 
about  as  thick  as  cream.  Sometimes  it  is  smooth  and 
uniform  ;  sometimes  lumpy ;  at  others  it  is  yellow,  and 
seems  to  contain  more  pus  than  mucus.  Sometimes  it  will 
collect  about  the  nostrils  and  be  ejected,  in  pretty  regu- 
lar succession,  in  flakes  or  masses.  Again  it  is  irregular, 
ceasing  for  a  while.,  as  if  cured,  then  returning  in  double 


74  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

or  treble  the  quantity.  Sometimes  the  lower  jaw  glauds 
are  swollen,  sometimes  not.  Sometimes  there  is  an  offen- 
sive smell,  sometimes  not.  The  nasal  membrane  becomes 
pallid  and  leaden-hued,  but  is  free  from  pus  or  ulcers. 
Health,  spirits,  and  appetite  good.     (Percivall.) 


Fig.  15.     Injecting  for  Nasal  Gleet.     Holes  made  by  trephine. 

Remedy. — Sulphurous  acid,  iodine,  iodoform  inhala- 
tions. Nasal  douches  of  salt  and  water,  with  a  few  drops 
of  iodine  tincture.  Bleaching  powder  scattered  in  box. 
Copper  or  iron  sulphates,  arsenic,  turpentine,  buchu,  co- 
paiba internally.  Blister  over  sinuses.  Remove  bad  teeth. 
When  other  treatment  fails,  trephine  sinusus ;  after  re- 
moving as  much  pus  as  possible,  wash  out  with  antisep- 
tics.   Isolate  all  horses  with  suspicious  nasal  discharges. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ROARING 

Is  a  symptom  of  disease  rather  than  disease.  It  is  a 
species  of  unsoundness,  and  may  be  detected  sometimes 
by  a  mere  fright — sudden  jump ;  sometimes  great  exertion 
is  needed.  Veterinarians  detect  it  sometimes  by  a  grunt- 
ing or  groaning  cough,  which  they  produce  by  grasping 
the  throat.  It  is  sometimes  hereditary.  *'*  The  produce 
of  certain  sires  are  nearly  all  roarers,"    (Williams.)     It 


ROARIXG — COUGH.  75 

may  depend  on  thickening  of  the  mucous  lining  of  the 
nares  (apertures),  pharynx,  or  larynx,  or  on  fibrous  growths 
in  these  regions ;  but  the  majority  of  cases  are  the  result 
of  paralysis,  wasting,  and  fatty  degeneration  of  the  whole 
of  the  intrinsic  muscles  of  the  left  side  of  the  larynx 
supplied  by  the  recurrent  nerve.  The  tube  through  which 
the  air  passes  being  narrowed,  the  characteristic  noise  is 
produced.  Most  roarers  are  wheezers,  and  also  grunters, 
and  in  the  lighter  breeds  are  whistlers.     (Dun.) 

Percivall  ligatured  a  horse's  windpipe  moderately  tight. 
It  roared  when  trotted.  He  next  compressed  the  pipe  to 
about  half  its  natural  calaber.  The  animal  whistled.  He 
then  drew  the  cord  with  all  his  strength.  A  minute  af- 
terward the  horse  staggered  a  good  deal,  fell,  struggled 
violently,  and  expired  in  two  minutes  after  falling.  The 
ligatured  part  of  the  windpipe  admitted  a  crow's  quill. 
In  the  two  first  experiments  the  sounds  were  louder  in 
inspiration  than  expiration. 

Remedy. — (  Spurious  roaring/  depending  on  cold,  in- 
fluenza, or  strangles,  is  sometimes  treated  successfully  by 
stimulation  of  the  throat,  and  by  potassium  iodide  and 
arsenic  internally. 

'  True  roaring/  depending  on  muscular  wasting,  is  in- 
curable. Smart  blistering,  the  actual  cautery,  and  gal- 
vanism in  the  earlier  stages,  sometimes  retard  wasting. 
Slow,  easy  work.  A  pad  fitted  on  the  nostrils,  regulating 
the  supply  of  air,  lessens  the  noise.  A  tube  in  the  wind- 
pipe affords  relief.  (See  Fig.  5.)  Removal  of  the  para- 
lyzed vocal  cord  is  useless.  Removal  of  the  aretenoid  car- 
tilage is  seldom  permanently  effectual. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

COUGH 

Is  symptomatic  of  various  diseases.  It  may  remain  after 
its  cause  is  removed.  It  sometimes  becomes  chronic,  es- 
pecially if  neglected* 


76  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE    HORSE. 

Remedy. — Comfortable  housing  and  clothing,  pure  air., 
careful  feeding,  oleaginous  diet. 

Catarrhal  :  Steam  head ;  ammonium  acetate  solution, 
salines,  ether,  mustard  to  throat. 

Bronchial  :  Ammonium  acetate,  ipecac,  squill,  nitrous 
ether,  counter-irritants. 

Dry,  with  scanty  secretion  :  Ammonium  acetate  or  chlo- 
ride, potassium  bicarbouate  and  chlorate,  borax. 

With  profuse  discharges  :  Balsams,  eucalyptus  oil,  tar, 
terrebene,  creosote,  astringent  sprays  or  inhalations. 

Irritable  :  Demulcents ;  camphor  and  belladonna,  coni- 
um,  opium,  hydrocyanic  acid,  cocaine.  (For  a  list  of 
demulcents,  see  page  33.) 

Reflex :  Bromides,  chloral  hydrate.  Remove  cause  of 
irritation. 

Chronic  :  Careful  dieting ;  wet  the  food ;  linseed  mash 
or  oil.  If  the  coat  is  long,  clip  or  singe.  Epsom  salt  or 
other  salines  occasionally.  Dick's  recipe — 30  grains  each 
of  calomel,  digitalis,  opium  and  camphor.  Omit  calomel 
if  given  daily  for  a  week,  that  is,  if  necessary.  Belladonna, 
camphor,  alcohol,  tar,  creosote,  arsenic.  Counter-irritants 
— mustard,  mercuric  iodide  ointment,  setons. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

BLEEDING   FROM  THE   NOSE  (EPISTAXIS), 

Is  best  distinguished  perhaps  from  bleeding  of  the  lungs 
by  the  fact  that  blood  usually  issues  from  but  one  nos- 
tril. Blood  may  flow  in  a  stream  or  drop  by  drop.  In 
either  case  it  is  very  apt  to  collect  within  the  chambers 
of  the  nose  and  about  the  nostril  and  cause  irritation. 
The  horse  will  snort  and  blow  out  clots  of  blood,  and 
thus  increase  the  bleeding.  The  blood  is  mostly  arterial 
— usually  a  bright  scarlet. 

The  cause  may  be  constitutional,  local,  spontaneous — 
the  result  of  plethora  or  congestion — or  traumatic  (wounds). 


NASAL  POLYPUS.  77 

D'Arboval  reports  fatal  cases,  wherein  the  clots  of  blood 
in  the  chambers  of  the  nose  resembled  pus. 

Remedy. — When  from  rupture  of  small  blood  vessel, 
plug  nostril  and  raise  head.  Ice  to  face  and  head.  Fer- 
ric chloride  tincture  in  spray.  When  from  purpura  or  a 
similar  disease,  ergot,  ferric  chloride,  or  pyrogallic  acid 
internally,  or  ergotin  under  the  skin. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

NASAL  POLYPUS 

Is  very  rare  in  horses.  "  Manifold  are  the  dangers  of 
the  distemper,"  says  Vegetius  (about  400  A.  D.)  "The 
horse  will  be  strangled  by  the  stoppage  of  the  passage  of 
his  breath.  He  will  snore,  and  humid  mucus  will  flow 
out  of  his  nostrils."  Percivall  says  the  mucus  is  some- 
times highly  tinged  with  blood,  and  that  sometimes  pure 
blood  runs  from  the  nose.  Also  that  an  unequal  rush  of 
air  is  felt  from  one  or  both  nostrils.  "Inspection  in  a 
full  light  discloses,  higher  or  lower  in  the  nostril,  the 
rounded  base  of  a  polypus."  He  warns  veterinarians  not 
to  mistake  the  cartilaginous  prolongation  of  either  the 
anterior  or  posterior  turbinated  bones  for  a  polypus;  nor 
any  rounded  clots  of  blood  near  them. 

The  tumors,  which  vary  in  weight  from  a  few  drams 
to  three  or  four  pounds,  hang  by  a  narrow  neck.  Some- 
times they  protrude  three  or  four  inches.  They  are  red 
or  flesh-like  in  color,  globular  in  shape,  and  have  smooth, 
shining  surfaces.  Some  have  a  fibrous,  almost  cartilagin- 
ous, structure,  while  "  others  appear  to  be  composed  of 
various  little  tumors  agglutinated  together." 

Remedy. — Excise  with  forceps.  Dress  antiseptically. 
Pads  over  nostrils  sometimes  diminish  noise.  (For  a  list 
of  antiseptic  remedies,  see  page  31.) 


78  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

BRONCHOCELE  OR  GOITER  (Tumor  of  the  Thy- 
roid Gland), 

Is  rare  in  horses.  It  is  usually  small  and  harmless,  but 
when  it  increases  to  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg  or  larger,  it 
may  cause  choking.  Percivall  reduced  such  a  swelling  by 
rubbing  with  compound  iodine  ointment  daily  for  six 
weeks,  but  he  was  in  doubt  whether  the  tumor  caused  the 
choking  or  not. 


Fig.  16.    Bronchocele. 

The  tumor,  as  the  illustration  shows,  appears  just  be- 
low the  part  grasped  to  excite  coughing.  It  is  circular 
or  ovoid  in  shape,  and  is  soft,  puffy,  moveable,  and  devoid 
of  sensibility. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    LUNGS. 


The  lungs,  though  very  susceptible  to  disease,  possess 
comparatively  little  sensibility,  either  in  health  or  disease. 
They  are  peculiar  to  themselves,  and  are  extremely  varied 
in  structure.  The  bronchial  tubes  constitute  one  part;* 
the  air-cells,  in  which  the  tubes  terminate,  another  ;  their 
blood  vessels  a  third ;  the  inter-connecting  parenchyma- 
tous substance  a  fourth ;  the  cellular  and  pleural  mem- 
branes a  fifth.  In  health  they  possess  a  pale  pink,  spongy, 
light,  and  elastic  interior,  and  will  float  in  water.  In 
disease  they  are  reddened  and  solidified  (liver-like),  and 
sink  in  water. 

In  horses  diseases  of  the  lungs  are  more  numerous  in 
proportion  to  other  diseases  than  in  man.  They  are  also 
more  rapid  in  their  course,  death  sometimes  resulting  in 
a  few  hours.  Young  horses  are  more  subject  to  them 
than  old.  High-bred,  tenderly  reared,  light  bodied,  long 
legged,  flat  sided,  narrow  breasted,  and  thin  skinned 
horses  are  more  predisposed  to  them  than  those  of  the 
opposite  kind.  The  causes  of  them  are  chiefly  foul  air, 
especially  when  combined  with  heat ;  sudden  changes  of 
temperature,  dampness,  overwork,  and  mechanical  and 
chemical  injuries.     (Percivall.) 

PNEUMONIA 

Means  either  congestion  or  inflammation  of  the  lungs, 
independent  or  combined.  Inflammatory  pneumonia  is 
either  simple  or  compound.  When  complicated  with  bron- 
chitis, it  is  called  '  broncho-pneumonia  ; '  when  complica- 
ted with  pleurisy,   'pleuro-pneumonia/     Its  progress  will 


BO  THE   DISEASES  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

vary  according  to  circumstances.  Usually  it  reaches  its 
hight  in  a  few  days,  and  gets  better  or  worse  in  a  few 
days.     (Percivall.) 

Robertson  and  Williams  describe  congestion  as  a  distinct 
and  sometimes  independent  disease. 

Symptoms  of  Congestive  Pneumonia. — Sudden  or 
gradual.  When  sudden — the  result  of  overexertion — the 
horse  is  all  over  in  a  tremor ;  cold  sweat ;  no  pulse ;  legs 
deathly  cold  ;  the  frightfully  wild  look  of  the  eyes — pupils 
dilated — and  the  boring  of  the  head  and  stupidity  of  the 
horse,  clearly  indicate  delirium.  When  gradual,  the  horse 
is  at  first  dull,  listless,  heavy-headed,  and  off  its  appetite. 
Respiration  gradually  becomes  more  disturbed  and  oppres- 
sive, partaking  more  of  labor  than  of  pain ;  pulse  full 
and  quick,  but  so  feeble  perhaps  as  to  be  hardly  percep- 
tible ;  respiratory  murmur  lost ;  legs  and  ears  deathly 
cold ;  cold  sweats ;  gradually  sinks,  and  dies  in  convul- 
sions and  delirium. 

Remedy. — Immediate  bleeding — 4  to  6  quarts. 

Symptoms  of  Inflammatory  Pneumonia. — There  are 
three  stages;  the  first  may  be  either  absent  or  unnoticed. 
First  stage :  Staring  coat ;  legs  cold,  followed  perhaps  by 
rigor;  head  hangs;  no  appetite;  has  had  a  short,  dry 
cough  for  several  days,  which  comes  on  after  exercise  or 
drinking ;  dull,  dejected,  laggard.  Temperature  103,  104, 
or  even  106.  Now  come  fever,  quick  pulse,  hot  mouth, 
injected  membranes  of  nose  and  eyes. 

Second  stage  :  Breathing  disturbed  ;  nostrils  open  and 
shut;  flanks  work  laboriously  up  and  down;  breathing 
indicates  oppression  rather  than  pain  or  rapidity.  In  other 
cases  the  flanks  hardly  move  at  all.  The  nostrils  are  an 
important  guide,  as  there  is  often  a  sparing,  yellow,  slimy 
discharge  from  one  or  both ;  pulse,  at  first,  quick  and 
usually  distinct,  but,  as  the  disease  progresses,  is  very  apt, 
from  fullness  and  oppression,  to  become  indistinct;  ears 
and   legs  colder   than   ever;    nasal   membrane   moist  and 


PNEUMONIA.  81 

reddened ;  horse  sometimes  stands  constantly  in  the  same 
place  and  posture,  fore  legs  stretched  out,  head  toward  a 
door  or  open  window,  looking  backward  from  time  to  time 
at  its  heaving  flanks  in  a  peculiarly  despondent  manner; 
never  lies  down. 

Third  stage  :    Respiration  quicker  and  more  oppressed  ; 
pulse  quicker,  but  less  distinct;    extremities  cold;    nasal 


Fig.  IT.     Usual  position  during  a  serious  attack  of  Pneumonia. 

membrane  changes  from  red  to  a  leaden  hue;  convulsive 
twitchings  of  the  muscles  of  the  surface ;  extreme  un- 
easiness ;  up  and  down ;  reeling  gait ;  haggard  counte- 
nance ;    delirium,  convulsions,  death. 

Auscultation,  according  to  D'Arboval,  reveals  a  crepi- 
tating, humid  rattle  around  the  inflamed  places,  with  a 
louder  respiratory  murmur  than  in  other  parts.  Percus- 
sion reveals  deadness  in  diseased  parts,  resonance  in  others. 
When  the  roots  only  of  the  lungs  are  inflamed,  these  tests 
are  not  present.  Robertson  says  the  heart  sounds  are  also 
intensified  over  the  consolidated  (lung)  area. 

Remedy.— Box;  temperature  60  to  70°  F.  Clothe 
body,  bandage  legs.  Cold  linseed  tea ;  steamed  food ; 
fresh  grass  for  horses,  cattle,  sheep.     Bleeding   in   acute 


82  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

attacks  if  patient  is  robust.  A  few  small  doses  of  aconite 
tincture  for  acute  fever.  If  fever  of  low  type,  as  it  usu- 
ally is  in  hard  worked  town  horses,  sulphuric  or  nitric 
ethers,  with  camphor  and  ammonium  carbonate,  in  draft; 
while  ammonium  acetate,  potassium  chlorate  and  nitrate 
are  given  in  draft  or  drinking  water.  Potassium  nitrate 
and  colchicum  for  kidneys  when  not  acting.  Bugs  wrung 
out  of  hot  water  to  sides,  with  subsequent  rubefacient 
dressing.  Alcoholic  stimulants,  ether,  nitrous  ether,  spirit 
of  chloroform  several  times  daily  when  melting  of  exudate 
(oozing  matter)  has  begun,  or  earlier  in  epizootic  attacks, 
or  in  weakly  patients.  Belladonna  extract  and  camphor 
allay  cough.  Linseed  oil  in  mash,  neutral  salts  in  drink- 
ing water,  with  laxative  injections,  secure  regularity  of 
bowels.  If  laxatives  necessary,  oil  preferable  to  aloes. 
Cooling  mash  diet  in  earlier  stages ;  in  later,  digestible, 
nutritive  food.  For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.  For  list 
of  '  rubefacients/  see  page  36. 

CHRONIC   PNEUMONIA 

May  be  a  continuation  of  the  acute  form.  It  is  insidi- 
ous in  its  symptoms  and  dangerous;  but  it  is  mild,  and 
its  progress  is  slow.  It  may  end  in  solidification  or  indu- 
ration, or  in  tubercles,  abscesses,  and  consumption,  the 
same  as  the  acute  form  described  above. 

Symptoms. — Horse  appears  to  be  merely  unwell;  no 
perceptible  heaving  of  flanks ;  but  little  acceleration  of 
pulse ;  no  apparent  pain,  yet  mopes  about,  dull  and  de- 
jected ;  appetite  fastidious ;  seldom  or  never  lies  down  ; 
coat  unkind;  general  appearance  unhealthy.  Ask  about 
cough.  Examine  nostrils  for  disturbed  respiration,  and 
also  for  expectoration  from  them. 

BRONCHITIS 

Means  inflammation  of  the  bronchial  tubes — the  two 
lung  branches  of  the  windpipe.     It  is  dangerous  only  when 


BRONCHITIS. 


83 


its  secretions  clog  the  tubes,  choking  the  horse  to  death, 
or  when  it  is  complicated  with  other  diseases.  The  latter 
is  unfortunately  frequently  the  case,  for  it  is  often  com- 
plicated with  catarrh,  sore  throat,  and  diseases  of  the 
lungs.  In  fact,  the  causes  of  catarrh  are  the  causes  of 
bronchitis.  Bronchitis  is  simply  catarrh  of  the  bronchial 
tubes. 

The  disease  rarely  exists  independently.  It  is  acute, 
subacute,  and  sometimes  chronic.  In  the  spring  and  fall 
it  is  sometimes  epizootic,  especially  among  young  horses. 
When  acute  and  favorable,  it  reaches  its  hight  about  the 
fourth  or  fifth  day;  begins  to  decline  about  the  sixth  or 
seventh  day,  leaving  the  patient  out  of  danger  about  the 
tenth  or  twelfth.  If  not  favorable,  the  signs  on  the  fifth, 
seventh,  or  ninth  day  are  :  Eespiration  becoming  very 
oppressed;  pulse  quicker  and  fainter;  skin  and  extremi- 
ties cold ;  mouth  cold  and  clammy ;  nostrils  very  dry. 
Pulmonic  or  pleuro-pulmonic  disease  may  now  supervene. 


Fbs^ 


Fig.  18.     A  horse  dressed  for  Bronchitis. 


Symptoms. — Breath  hot;  unusual  nasal  discharge; 
reddening  of  nasal  membrane  ;  cough  ;  sore  throat ;  dif- 
ficult breathing ;   febrile  irritation,  sometimes  without  an- 


§4  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

tecedent  shivering.  Auscultation  reveals  a  distinct  cooing 
sort  of  sound,  arising  from  want  of  secretion  within  the 
tubes.  When  the  secretion  returns,  and  in  augmented 
quantity,  the  rattle  is  distinctly  heard. 

In  catarrhal  bronchitis,  in  addition  to  most  of  the  above 
symptoms,  the  nasal  discharge,  which  at  first  is  but  slight 
and  of  a  watery  or  muco-watery  description,  in  three  or 
four  days  becomes  of  a  puro-mucous  nature  and  increased 
in  quantity.  The  symptoms  of  catarrh  and  sore  throat 
gradually  abate  and  merge  into  that  short  and  laborious 
breathing  which  clearly  denotes  high  bronchial  and  pul- 
monary irritation.  When  the  horse  coughs,  which  it  does 
more  now,  an  increased  discharge  is  expelled  from  the 
nose ;    when  it  hangs  its  head,  the  discharge  runs  out. 

Symptoms  of  independent  (uncomplicated)  bronchitis  : 
Sudden  illness ;  violent  blowing  and  distressful  breathing ; 
sudden  and  copious  mucous  discharges  from  the  nose ; 
may  obtain  relief  at  the  moment,  but  there  is  danger  of 
suffocation,  especially  if  the  discharges  are  frequently  re- 
peated. These  sudden  and  violent  attacks  usually  soften 
down  to  ordinary  bronchitis,  but  they  sometimes  increase 
in  violence  and  end  in  pulmonary  disease. 

Epizootic  symptoms  :  Exceedingly  sore  throat  and.  pro- 
fuse discharges  from  nose;  sometimes  white,  sometimes 
yellow,  sometimes  even  green,  according  to  circumstances. 
The  green  tinge  arises  either  from  malignancy  or  green 
food.  Great  weakness  of  loins ;  also  general  weakness ; 
low  febrile  irritation. 

Remedy. — Comfortable,  cool,  well  ventilated  box;  tem- 
perature 60  to  65°  F.  Body  and  limbs  clothed.  Inhala- 
tion of  watery  vapor  from  steam  kettle,  a  large  mash,  or 
bucket  of  boiling  water  promotes  exudation  in  dry  stage, 
the  inhalation  to  be  medicated,  as  required,  with  expec- 
torants, anodynes,  or  antiseptics.  (See  Fig.  14.)  Fomen- 
tations and  mustard  to  throat  and  sides.  Mustard  in  earlier 
stages  applied  for  15  or  20  minutes,  washed  off,  and  re- 


BRONCHITIS.  85 

applied  if  needed.  Spirituous  essence  of  mustard  injected 
hypodermically.  Salines  in  drinking  water  for  fever.  A 
few  doses  of  aconite  early  in  robust  subjects,  where  the 
symptoms  are  acute.  Ammonium  acetate  solution,  ipecac, 
and  squill  while  membrane  is  dry  and  congested.  Ben- 
zoic acid,  eucalyptus  oil,  terebene,  pilocarpine,  mineral 
acids  diminish  excessive  secretion.  Soap  liniment  and 
laudanum  rubbed  into  throat  and  down  neck  twice  daily 
for  difficult  breathing,  especially  when  the  secretion  is 
excessive.  Belladonna  stimulates  respiratory  center  and 
eases  cough;  often  conjoined  with  camphor,  ether,  chlo- 
ral hydrate,  and  in  debilitated  patients  with  small,  re- 
peated doses  of  alcohol.  Confections  or  gargles  of  opium, 
chloral  hydrate,  with  glycerine,  for  cough.  Potassium 
chlorate  and  ammonium  chloride  promote  fluid  secretion 
and  moderate  its  quantity.  Lobelia  and  opium  where  there 
is  much  discharge  and  paroxysms  of  cough.  Ammonium 
carbonate  when  mucus  is  abundant  and  viscid  and  patient 
is  low.  Mash  diet.  Regulate  bowels,  if  possible,  by  in- 
jections;   purgatives  dangerous  in  horses. 

Remedy  for  Chronic  Bronchitis. — Equable  tempera- 
ture; pure,  fresh  air;  comfortable  clothing,  which  must 
be  removed  and  patient  wisped  over  night  and  morning. 
Salines,  with  or  without  mercurials,  for  congestion  and 
fever.  Terebene  and  eucalyptus  oil  stimulate  bronchial 
secretion.  Belladonna,  balsams,  and  mineral  acids  dimin- 
ish excessive  secretion.  Ammonium  carbonate  and  chlo- 
ride for  viscid  and  irritating  secretion.  Belladonna  and 
ether  stimulate  respiratory  and  heart  centers.  Chloroform, 
chloral,  and  opium  abate  cough.  Mustard  and  other 
counter-irritants,  carefully  used,  lessen  congestion,  irrita- 
tion, and  cough.  Mustard  in-rubbing.  Soap  liniment, 
with  or  without  laudanum,  often  removes  cough.  Alco- 
hol, ether,  volatile  oils,  digitalis  maintain  heart  action  in 
weakly  subjects.  Sulphurous  acid,  creosote,  eucalyptus, 
and  other  antiseptics  inhaled  or  internally  when  secretions 


$6  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

are  fetid.    Arsenic  occasionally  relieves  inflation.     Careful 
dietary ;    nutritive,    oleaginous   food.     Linseed   oil.     Iron 
and  other  tonics  promote  convalescence. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

PLEURISY  (PLEURITIS), 

Is  inflammation  of  the  pleura — a  membrane  investing 
the  organs  of  the  chest.  When  the  inflammation  extends 
to  the  lungs,  the  disease  is  called  pleuro-pneumonia.  The 
secretions  of  the  pleura  are  usually  water}-,  with  or  with- 
out lymph.  The  water  is  usually  of  a  clear,  bright  yel- 
low color,  closely  resembling  the  serum  of  the  blood, 
though  in  some  cases  it  is  rendered  turbid  by  the  lymph 
floating  in  it.  In  others  it  is  red  from  being  tinged  with 
blood.  In  others  still  it  is  of  a  sort  of  milky  or  whey 
color,  and  fetid  from  being  mixed  with  pus.  The  'lymph 
consists  of  masses  of  gelatinous  or  albuminous  matter, 
hanging  about  the  chest  in  shreds  "  after  the  fashion  of 
a  cobweb,"  and  sometimes  forming  what  are  called  adhe- 
sions or  false  membranes.  It  sometimes  walls  the  water 
in  as  it  were,  confining  it  like  pus  within  an  abscess.  It 
at  first  probably  gives  rise  to  more  or  less  pain,  as  it  in- 
terferes with  the  free  action  of  the  lungs,  but  the  parts 
evidently  soon  become  adjusted  to  each  other.  Pus  some- 
times accompanies  acute  as  well  chronic  pleurisy,  and  in 
some  cases  gangrene  and  even  abscess  of  the  side  super- 
vene. In  chronic  cases  the  pleura  becomes  thickened  and 
tough,  apparently  less  vascular,  and  assumes  a  morbidly 
white  aspect.  Sometimes  it  is  studded  with  tubercle-like 
knots.  Pleurisy  of  one  side  is  rare ;  but  the  opposite 
side  often  takes  the  disease  from  sympathy. 

The  disease  has  a  dangerous  tendency.  It  usually  comes 
and  goes  suddenly.  Death  is  also  sudden — a  few  hours. 
The  chronic  form  is  slow  and  comparatively  painless.  It 
may  last  for  weeks.  It  may  follow  or  be  independent  of 
the  acute  form.     The  disease  is  peculiar  to  four  and  five- 


PLEURISY.  8? 

year-old  horses,  especially  such  as  are  kept  in  warm  stables 
and  live  high. 

The  causes  are  cold,  immersion  of  legs  in  or  drinking 
cold  water  when  heated,  sympathy  with  contiguous  in- 
flammatory diseases,  blood  contamination,  morbid  growths, 
external  injury  to  membrane,  overexertion,  &c. 

Williams  describes  i  epizootic  pleurisy/  which  is  "pre- 
ceded and  accompanied  by  a  low  typhoid  or  adynamic 
(sinking)  form  of  fever."    It  lasts  from  one  to  two  weeks. 

Symptoms. — Slight  chill  or  rigor;  fever;  uneasiness, 
gradually  increasing  till  acute  pain  is  manifested,  when  the 
animal  heaves  or  rather  pants  violently  at  the  flanks,  puffs, 
blows,  and  casts  piteous  looks  at  its  flanks ;  heat  all  over 
body,  in  parts  actually  sweating  with  pain ;  great  nervous 
irritation ;  cannot  be  quiet  for  a  minute ;  looks  here  and 
there,  pawing,  lying  down,  getting  up.  Pressure  on  the 
rib  spaces  causes  flinching,  usually  a  characteristic  grunt, 
and  an  attempt  to  bite ;  a  cough  is  often  present,  causing 
such  pain  that  the  animal,  in  its  effort  to  suppress  it,  makes 
a  sort  of  reiterated,  hacking,  half-cough  of  it ;  pulse  very 
quick,  firm,  and  wiry;  mouth  hot  and  dry;  breath  cold; 
nasal  membrane  reddened  and  moist ;  no  discharge,  unless 
some  catarrhal  or  bronchial  irritation  be  also  present. 

When  there  is  inflammation  of  the  muscles  (pleurodynia) 
the  horse  moves  in  a  very  rigid  manner ;  may  fall ;  steps 
slowly  and  very  short ;  dejected  ;  back  arched  ;  skin  tender. 

In  the  chronic  form  the  symptoms  are  mostly  very  dif- 
ferent, and  some  the  reverse.  Instead  of  restlessness  and 
watchfulness,  dullness  and  dejection  continue  from  first  to 
last.  Even  respiration  does  not  cause  embarrassment  until 
shortly  before  death,  when  the  chest  is  nearly  or  quite  full 
of  water.  The  inflammation  of  the  pleura  is  about  the 
same,  as  are  also  the  tenderness  of  the  sides,  the  grunt, 
and  the  respiratory  murmur.  The  cough,  if  it  still  ex- 
ists, becomes  faint  and  sore,  and  now  and  then  causes  the 
before  mentioned  grunt. 


88  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

These  symptoms  usually  follow  epizootic  catarrh,  sore 
throat,  or  bronchitis. 

Remedy. — Hygienic  treatment,  as  in  pneumonia;  bleed- 
ing in  acute  attacks  in  vigorous  horses  and  cattle.  Emetic 
and  antimonials  in  animals  that  vomit.  A  few  doses  of 
aconite  tincture  or  calomel  and  opium  for  fever.  Salines 
and  antipyretics,  as  in  bronchitis  and  pneumonia.  Pot- 
assium iodide  and  colchicum  to  promote  absorption  of  in- 
flammatory exudate.  Ferric  chloride  tincture  for  debility 
and  lack  of  blood.  Digitalis  and  nux  vomica  aid  removal 
of  fluid.  Rugs  wrung  out  of  hot  water  to  sides,  followed 
by  in-rubbing  of  mustard,  washed  off  in  twenty  minutes. 
Moderate  counter-irritation  with  ammonia  and  soap  lini- 
ments. Pain  reduced  by  opium  or  by  morphine  hypoder- 
mically.     Tapping  if  necessary.     (See  'hydrothorax.') 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.  For  a  list  of  '  antipy- 
retics/ see  page  31. 

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 

For  description,  symptoms,  and  treatment  of  this  dis- 
ease, see  articles  '  Pneumonia '  and  '  Pleurisy/ 

HYDROTHORAX  (Water  in  the  Chest), 

Is  a  very  common  termination  of  pneumonia  with  pleu- 
risy. It  may  also  follow  compound  bronchitis,  or  it  may 
occur  independently,  the  pleura  furnishing  the  water.  In 
some  cases  water  in  the  belly  and  head  coexist,  accom- 
panied by  swelled  legs,  sheath,  belly,  &e. 

The  disease  is  dangerous,  but  it  is  sometimes  curable. 
Tapping  the  chest  with  a  trocar  is  sometimes  successful. 
When  water  does  not  flow  from  one  side,  try  the  other. 
Some  puncture  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  ribs,  some  the 
eighth  and  ninth,  choosing  the  most  dependent  parts  and 
the  least  likely  to  cause  injury.  Make  an  incision  through 
the  skin,  and  then  introduce  the  trocar,  with  a  rotating 
motion,  obliquely  and  upward  as  far  as  it  will  go,  or  till 


WATER    IX    THE    CHEST.  89 

water  escapes.  The  stylet  must  be  withdrawn  as  soon  as 
resistance  to  the  introduction  of  the  trocar  is  felt.  If 
the  hole  in  the  trocar  should  be  stopped  up  with  lymph 
or  other  substance,  clear  it  with  a  probe.  When  clear 
and  within  the  cavity,  water  will  flow  if  there  is  any  in 
that  particular  part.  The  trocar  must  not  be  kept  in 
unnecessarily  long,  as  air  will  penetrate  the  chest  through 
its  orifice.  The  operation  is  sometimes  repeated  several 
times  in  the  course  of  treatment.  In  an  unsuccessful  case 
Percivall  withdrew  ten  gallons  of  water.  After  death, 
four  days  after  the  operation.,  there  were  six  gallons  more 
in  the  chest  and  a  quart  in  the  pericardium. 

Symptoms. — Eats  daintily;  looks  disspirited;  on  the 
approach  of  some  one,  rouses  up  for  a  moment  only; 
short,  quick,  labored  respiration,  becoming  more  and  more 
manifest  as  the  chest  fills  with  water.  When  the  chest 
is  nearly  full,  the  horse  exerts  its  utmost  power ;  seldom 
lies  dowm,  but  when  it  does,  lies  on  the  side  containing 
the  most  water,  and  is  soon  up  again.  D'Arboval  says 
the  spaces  between  the  ribs  are  enlarged.  The  pulse,  at 
first  small  and  quick,  becomes  accelerated  and  fainter  as 
the  disease  advances,  till  it  cannot  be  felt  at  all.  Horse 
steps  with  fore  legs  wide  apart  and  stiffened ;  gait  often 
unsteady  and  reeling ;  breast,  belly  and  sheath  show  drop- 
sical swellings,  which  by  degrees  fall  into  the  legs. 

Auscultation  and  percussion  reveal  no  sound,  unless 
there  is  gas  or  air  in  the  chest,  wThich  is  rarely  the  case. 
Percivall  says  that  if  an  assistant  taps  one  side  of  the 
chest  while  the  surgeon  holds  his  ear  to  the  other,  the 
presence  of  water  may  be  ascertained.  In  a  recorded  and 
successfully  treated  case,  the  sound  of  the  water  was  com- 
j:>arable  to  that  of  water  in  a  rolling  cask. 

Remedy. — Digitalis;  powdered  cantharides ;  potassium 
nitrate  twice  daily  for  a  week.  Then  potassium  iodide  and 
iron  salts.  Pilocarpine  useful  in  human  patients.  Iodine 
ointment  and  rubefacients  externally,  or  insert  under  the 


90  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

skin  of  the  chest  a  plug  of  tow  moistened  with  an  irri- 
tant. When  necessary,  tap  with  trocar  or  pneumatic  as- 
pirator. 

BLEEDING   FROM  THE   LUNGS 

Is  rare.  It  is  dangerous,  but  the  danger  depends  on 
the  origin,  nature,  and  extent  of  the  case.  Plethora,  high 
or  very  fat  condition,  and  violent  work  or  feats  are  con- 
ducive of  bleeding.  The  membranous  tissues,  being  over- 
charged with  blood,  are  liable,  on  extraordinary  exertion, 
to  give  way ;  but  the  bleeding  may  be  owing  to  over-force 
of  circulation.  Wound  of  the  substance  of  the  lung  is 
often  the  cause  of  sudden  death.  It  may  be  caused  by 
violence  in  hunting,  racing,  &c,  or  result  from  ulceration 
of  the  lung  in  consumption.  '  Pulmonic  apoplexy '  (blood 
in  the  air  cells)  is  said  to  be  a  dangerous  form  of  lung 
bleeding. 

Symptoms. — When  from  the  bronchial  membrane: 
Blood  from  both  nostrils,  usually  scarlet  colored  and  frothy, 
attended  with  more  or  less  irritation,  coughing,  or  snort- 
ing and  sometimes  interrupted  breathing;  every  time  the 
horse  coughs  or  snorts  fresh  blood  is  ejected,  often  through 
the  mouth  as  well  as  the  nose.  The  blood  does  not  flow 
in  a  uniform  stream,  as  in  bleeding  from  the  nose,  which 
is  usually  from  one  nostril  only,  and  is  thus  distinguished 
from  bleeding  from  the  lungs,  but  is  influenced  by  the 
respiration  and  also  the  position  of  the  head  and  neck ; 
the  more  the  head  hangs  the  readier  the  blood  flows. 
Sometimes  there  is  febrile  disturbance,  quick  pulse,  hot 
mouth,  legs  deathly  cold,  or  one  cold  while  another  is 
warm. 

Remedy. — Bleeding  that  cannot  be  got  at,  is  arrested 
(1)  by  cold  or  heat  applied  so  as  to  act  reflexly;  (2)  by 
lead  acetate,  opium,  sulphuric  or  gallic  acid  or  ferric  chlo-. 
ride ;    (3)  hypodermic  injection  of  orgotin. 


CONSUMPTION".  91 

CONSUMPTION  (Tuberculosis,  Scrofula,  Phthisis), 

Is  a  specific  disease,  resulting  from  the  introduction  into 
the  body  of  the  '  tubercle  bacillus/  This  mite  develops 
irritation  and  inflammation,  either  directly  or  by  the  for- 
mation of  poisonous  alkaloids,  produced  by  its  action  on 
the  tissues.  Hard  growths  appear,  consisting  of  one  or 
more  of  three  descriptions  of  cell — lymphoid,  epitheliod, 
and  giant.  They  exhibit  a  tendency  to  necrosis,  followed 
by  caseation  (curd  or  cheese),  and  occasionally  by  fibroid 
degeneration.  The  disease  may  be  localized  in  various 
organs  and  tissues.  It  occurs  in  all  animals,  and  is  com- 
municable from  one  species  of  animal  to  another.  Cattle, 
poultry,  and  hogs  are  more  subject  to  its  several  forms 
than  horses,  dogs,  or  sheep.     (Dun.)     Rare. 

Symptoms. — First  stage:  Out  of  condition;  rough 
coat :  hide  bound  perhaps ;  faulty  or  weak  at  work  ;  sweats 
on  slight  exertion ;  coughs  occasionally  after  drinking  or 
when  first  brought  out  of  stable ;  short-winded.  Duration 
uncertain;   weeks,  months,  and  in  rare  cases  years. 

Second  stage  :  Case  develops  itself  more  or  less ;  respi- 
ration probably  slightly  disturbed;  if  not  perceptible  at 
the  flanks  or  nostrils,  apply  the  ear  to  the  breast  or  side ; 
by  the  latter  means  or  by  the  hand  tenderness  about  the 
sides  may  also  be  discovered  ;  pulse  quicker  than  natural ; 
short,  dry  cough  now  and  then  ;  appetite  fastidious  and 
changeable,  now  good,  now  indifferent;  never  quite  lost; 
spirits  same  as  appetite ;  sparing  issue  of  yellow  matter 
from  nose  ;  flesh  lost  daily ;  hip  bones  begin  to  project ; 
quarters  lose  plumpness ;  skin  becoming  tense  and  adher- 
ent to  sides. 

Third  stage  :  Increased  disturbance  of  respiration ;  the 
breath,  mouth,  and  discharge  from  nose  fetid ;  highly 
quickened  pulse;  troublesome  cough,  with  occasional 
coughing  up  of  expectorated  matters  through  the  nose 
and   mouth ;    emaciation   and   debility ;   partial  separation 


92  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE    HORSE. 

of  coat,  so  that  when  but  slightly  twitched  the  hair  comes 
oil;  dropsical  swellings  perhaps  of  the  legs,  sheath,  and 
belly ;  complete  loss  of  appetite ;  general  irritability ;  dis- 
tressing, haggard  expression  of  countenance  ;  irritable  state 
of  the  bowels  and  great  proneness  to  diarrhea ;  the  latter 
is  likely  to  result  in  death.     Breath  cold  in  all  stages. 

Remedy. — Generous,  rather  oleaginous  diet.  Maintain 
healthy  functions  of  bowels  and  other  excreting  organs. 
No  bleeding — not  even  where  there  is  a  tuberculous  taint. 
Milk  and  flesh  liable  to  transmit  the  disease  to  men  and 
animals. 

For  pulmonary  consumption  (tuberculosis  of  lungs) — 
common  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  :  Careful,  generous 
dietary.  Good  sanitary  surroundings.  Tonics,  acids,  alco- 
holic stimulants,  antiseptic  inhalations.  Arsenic  sometimes 
arrests  early  stage  of  consolidation.  Iodine  liniments  and 
rubefacients  externally,  also  check  consolidation  and  cough. 
Chloral  and  morphine  relieve  cough.     (See  cough.) 

For  tuberculous  disease  of  the  mesenteric  glands  :  Di- 
gestible, nourishing  diet.  Treat  on  the  same  principle  as 
above.  Feed  off  without  delay  cattle  or  sheep  of  tuber- 
culous taint. 

For  tuberculous  abscess  of  throat  or  other  glands  (king's 
evil) :  Foment  if  hot  and  painful.  Dress  with  iodine  lini- 
ment. If  pus  forms,  evacuate  and  treat  antiseptically. 
Liberal  dietary,  tonics,  calcium  chloride. 

For  tubercular  arthritis  (gouty  inflammation),  chiefly 
affecting  young  animals  :  Good  feeding  and  sanitation ; 
comfortable  quarters.  Apply  flannels  wrung  out  of  hot 
water  or  hot  oil,  followed  by  mercury  oleate  and  lauda- 
num.    Active  counter-irritation  is  injurious. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

BROKEN-WIND, 

If  not  asthma,  is  a  sequel  of  asthma.  Its  chief  cause, 
according  to  Williams  and  Robertson,  is  eating  an  undue 


BKOKEN-WIND.  93 

proportion  of  hay,  especially  hay  that  is  overripe,  heated, 
old,  dusty,  or  cut  up  too  short.  Robertson  says  that  where 
i(  horses  are  fed  on  part  oat-straw  and  part  hay,  both  cut 
rather  long,  matters  are  not  so  bad."  Round,  shallow- 
chested  horses  seem  to  be  predisposed  to  the  disorder. 

Williams  says  broken-wind  "is  fast  becoming  a  thing 
of  the  past." 

Symptoms. — Inspiration  is  easy  and  rather  quick,  but 
expiration  is  a  double  action,  two  distinct  efforts  appar- 
ently, after  which  the  muscles  relax  and  the  flanks  fall 
peculiarly.  Respiratory  murmur  weakened  or  absent ;  loud, 
sonorous,  sibilant  wheeze,  especially  toward  back  part  of 
chest.  Rattling  and  hissing  all  over  chest ;  resonance  in- 
creased, showing  that  the  lungs  are  distended  with  air; 
chest  seems  rounder,  &c. 

Cough  :  It  is  so  peculiar  as  to  be  sometimes  called 
"broken-winded  cough."  It  is  more  than  short — it  is  half- 
suppressed  or  chopped  off  as  it  were,  and  so  feeble  as  to  be 
almost  inaudible.  It  is  often  followed  by  wheezing,  like 
asthma  in  man.  At  first,  and  also  when  it  afterward  comes 
on  in  fits,  it  is  troublesome.  When  the  disease  is  estab- 
lished, and  there  is  no  special  excitement,  it  is  solitary 
(but  once)  as  well  as  short  and  feeble. 

Indigestion  :  Appetite  voracious,  yet  condition  lean  and 
hide-bound  looking.  Well  it  may  be,  for  the  dung  looks 
like  so  much  chopped  hay  mixed  with  oats  and  husks,  caus- 
ing flatulence  and  tumid,  tense,  drum-like  belly,  often 
pendent  from  weakness.  Flatulence  (expulsion  of  wind) 
follows  exercise,  coughing,  dunging,  &c,  but  subsides  as 
the  animal  relieves  itself.  In  inveterate  cases  the  anus 
becomes  weakened  and  is  as  often  opened  as  shut.  The 
interior  of  the  bowel  is  sometimes  exposed,  while  the 
anus  itself  protrudes  and  recedes  with  every  breath. 

Skin  :  Harsh,  dry,  and  perhaps  hide-bound ;  coat  long, 
rough,  and  open. 

Remedy. — Incurable,  but  relieved  by  careful  dietary ; 


94  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

good,  concentrated  food,  given  damp ;  water  frequently, 
in  limited  quantity,  but  withheld  before  hard,  fast  work. 
Laxatives  and  salines  occasionally.  Rock  salt,  chalk,  or 
whiting  in  manger.  Linseed  oil,  with  lime  water,  daily, 
in  drench  or  with  food;  ^  to  1  grain  of  arsenic,  in  the 
form  of  Fowler's  solution,  may  be  given  daily,  or  every 
other  day,  for  months.  Prof.  Dick's  cough  balls  occa- 
sionally, consisting  of  30  grains  each  of  calomel,  opium, 
digitalis,  and  camphor.  If  used  daily  for  a  week  or  more, 
omit  calomel. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

SPASM  OF  THE  DIAPHRAGM. 

The  diaphragm  is  a  large  muscle  separating  the  chest 
from  the  abdomen.  Its  spasms  are  caused  by  overexer- 
tion. It  is  also  sometimes  seen  in  lock-jaw.  Its  thump- 
ings,  sometimes  audible  at  ten  paces  off,  are  often  con- 
founded with  palpitation  of  the  heart.  It  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  latter  (1)  by  a  convulsive  movement 
of  the  whole  body;  (2)  by  difficult  breathing;  (3)  the 
pulse  is  small  and  weak  and  not  synchronous  with  the 
beat  of  the  diaphragm ;  (4)  the  heart  beat  is  barely  per- 
ceptible; (5)  sometimes  profuse  sweats  and  harassing 
cough. 

Remedy. — Quiet;  warm  clothing.  Good,  diffusible 
stimulant.  If  symptoms  continue,  give  opium.  If  the 
difficult  breathing  is  dangerous,  moderate  bleeding. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Rupture  of  the  diaphragm  is  common,  but  is  usually 
perhaps  the  result  of  after  death  swelling.  Great  inter- 
nal violence  may  cause  it  during  life. 

Hernia  of  the  diaphragm  is  like  ruptured  diaphragm. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    STOMACH 


Diseases  of  the  stomach  depend  as  much  perhaps  on 
a  lack  of  mastication  and  salivary  mixture  as  on  the  qual- 
ity or  quantity  of  food.  "  The  food  of  the  horse  contains 
an  abundant  quantity  of  starchy  materials,  and  the  pro- 
cess by  which  these  are  rendered  soluble  begins  in  the 
mouth,  not  only  by  their  admixture  with  the  salivary 
secretions,  but  by  a  chemical  change,  through  which  the 
non-soluble  starch  is  converted  into  dextrine  and  grape 
sugar,  and  made  fit  for  the  action  of  the  intestinal,  bili- 
ary, and  gastric  secretions,  and  for  absorption  by  the 
vessels  of  the  intestinal  walls.  For  the  purpose  of  per- 
forming this  process  the  horse  is  provided  with  24  mill- 
stones in  the  form  of  molar  teeth.  Horses  are  best  kept 
in  health  when  fed  on  an  admixture  of  food  requiring 
thorough  mastication,  and  cattle  when,  in  addition  to  the 
more  nutritious  aliments,  they  are  freely  supplied  with 
food  requiring  remastication,  such  as  hay,  grass,  or  straw. 
An  error  in  the  diet  or  a  sudden  change  from  one  kind 
of  food  to  another,  not  only  deranges  the  stomach,  but 
the  intestinal  canal  as  well."     (Williams.) 

In  the  horse  the  process  of  digestion  is  only  begun  in 
the  stomach ;  it  is  completed  in  the  intestines.  The 
stomach  is  small  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  horse ; 
the  intestines,  in  the  aggregate,  are  not.  The  stomach 
being  small,  requires  to  be  often  filled.  A  horse  ought 
not  to  be  worked  over  five  or  six  hours  without  food.  If 
it  works  ten  hours,  and  is  given  enough  food,  it  is  liable 
to  gorge  itself.  It  is  also  liable,  in  its  haste,  to  bolt  its 
food. 


96  THE   DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE   STOMACH   (GAS- 
TRITIS), 

Is  rare  as  an  independent  disease.  It  is  probably  always 
the  result  of  irritation  of  the  mucous  membrane.  This 
may  be  caused  by  improper  food,  especially  in  foals  and 
calves;  foreign  bodies,  specific  fevers,  mineral  and  vege- 
table poisons,  &c. 

Symptoms. — There  are  no  sure  signs  to  detect  the*  in- 
dependent form  of  the  disease.  In  the  poisonous  form 
the  symptoms  vary  with  the  dose  and  effect  rather  than 
with  the  kind  of  poison.  Blue  vitriol,  corrosive  sublimate, 
or  arsenic  causes  nausea,  loathing  of  food,  often  accom- 
panied by  a  discharge  of  saliva;  horse  paws,  looks  dis- 
tressfully at  flanks,  lies  down,  rolls  about,  rises  in  great 
agony;  quick  and  painful  heaving  at  the  flanks;  finally 
breaks  into  profuse  perspiration.  Other  poisons  cause  vom- 
iting, belching,  enormous  gaseous  distension  ;  pulse  at  first 
quick,  then  contracted  to  a  thread,  afterward  impercepti- 
ble ;  prostration  ;  reels  in  walking  ;  bowels  either  violently 
purged  or  else  so  constricted  that,  notwithstanding  painful 
efforts,  nothing  but  mucus  is  passed;  grows  delirious  and 
dangerous;    falls,  stretches  limbs,  groans,  gapes,  dies. 

Remedy  — An  oily  laxative  removes  any  irritant  and 
irritant  discharges.  Ice,  with  hydrocyanic  acid  or  mor- 
phine, or  morphine  hypodermically,  for  irritation  and  pain. 
Antacids  and  bismuth,  with  or  without  small  doses  of 
opium,  most  useful  in  young  animals.  Hot  fomentations 
to  abdomen.  The  brain  symptoms  and  paralysis  often  oc- 
curring in  adult  cattle,  is  usually  relieved  by  full  doses 
of  oil,  followed  by  demulcents,  molasses,  salines,  and  lax- 
ative injections.  Patients  nourished  with  milk,  well  boiled 
gruel,  and  nutritive  clysters.    For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Robertson  describes  a  chronic  or  mild  form  of  gastritis. 


STAGGERS.  9? 

STAGGERS,   STOMACH    AND    GRASS  (ACUTE 
INDIGESTION). 

Stomach  staggers,  according  to  Robertson,  "  is  chiefly, 
if  not  entirely,  the  result  of  filling  the  stomach  to  reple- 
tion." Some  foods  are  worse  than  others,  such  as  brewers' 
grain,  damaged  wheat,  ripe  vetches,  and  cooked  food.  The 
disorder  is  not  uncommon,  and  is  sometimes  very  danger- 
ous. In  frequency,  however,  it  has  fallen  off  about  fifty 
per  cent,  in  the  past  sixty  years.  Cause— regular  and 
judicious  feeding.  The  infrequency  of  the  disorder  in 
France  is  attributed  to  the  use  of  laxative  and  digestible 
foods.  Sleepy,  mad,  and  apoplectic  staggers  are  apparently 
only  conditions  or  effects  of  stomach  staggers,  for  severe 
cases  of  the  latter  perhaps  always  affect  the  brain  more 
or  less. 

Grass  staggers  is  caused  by  rye  grass.  It  paralyzes  the 
limbs,  especially  the  hind  limbs,  having  little  if  any  affect 
on  the  brain.  Eobertson  says  it  is  caused  by  the  seed 
stems  of  the  grass,  which  horses  eat  in  preference  to  any 
other  part,  and  that  the  time  of  danger  is  the  ripening 
time.  Cattle  and  sheep  are  little  affected,  for  they  eat  the 
body  of  the  grass,  losing,  if  they  lose  any  part,  the  stem. 
Lambs,  however,  he  says,  sometimes  suffer,  for  they  nip 
the  stems,  but  more  in  play  than  to  obtain  food.  Williams 
says  the  grass  is  also  dangerous  when  it  has  been  cut  and 
allowed  to  heat  and  ferment  before  being  used.  Little  is 
positively  known  about  the  specific  poison  in  question. 

Symptoms.— Stomach  staggers:  Usually  sudden  "fu- 
gitive abdominal  pain;"  lies  down,  but  soon  up;  down 
again ;  soon  greater  restlessness ;  continued  or  interrupted 
pawing ;  head  protruded  ;  in  some  cases  belching ;  in  rare 
cases  attempts  at  vomiting,  with  a  liquid  discharge  from 
the  nose.  In  severe  cases  acute  pain,  belching,  straining 
to  vomit ;    lies  down  carefully. 

The  sleepy  stage  (condition)  is  characterized  by  dullness  \ 


D8  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

head  hangs ;  disposed  to  press  it  against  something ;  re- 
fuses to  eat ;  when  forced  to  change  position,  shows  want 
of  control  over  movements ;  disposed  to  press  head  against 
wall  again ;    breathing  more  or  less  stertorous. 

The  mad  stage  is  dangerous;  horse  liable  to  do  any- 
thing.    This  stage  appears  to  be  very  rare. 

The  symptoms  of  grass  staggers  develop  gradually.  Pa- 
ralysis of  hind  limbs ;  in  a  day  or  two  the  weakness  in- 
creases ;  reels  in  walking ;  danger  of  falling ;  disinclined 
to  lie  down ;  anxious  countenance ;  partial  paralysis  of 
fore  legs;  perfect  consciousness;  calm;  bowels  rather 
confined;  urine,  appetite,  breathing,  and  pulse  natural. 
In  severe  cases  there  is  the  same  disposition  to  stand, 
even  steadying  body  against  wall  or  stall.  Muscular  twitch- 
ings  sometimes  occur,  and  in  rare  cases  brain  disturbance ; 
when  unable  to  stand  and  down,  muscular  twitchings  usu- 
ally excessive;  limbs  move  automatically;  consciousness 
impaired ;  breathing  stertorous ;  death  near.  These  symp- 
toms may  vary,  but  chiefly  as  to  rapidity  of  development 
or  intensity  in  individual  cases. 

Remedy. — Aloes  or  calomel  and  oil  to  unload  the 
stomach  and  bowels.  Ether  or  spirit  of  ammonia  every 
two  hours  overcomes  flatulence  and  spasm.  Clysters,  hand 
rubbing,  exercise.  Hot  fomentations  or  cloths  wrung  out 
of  hot  water,  or  in-rubbing  of  merely  warming  dose  of 
mustard,  abate  spasm  and  pain.  If  pain  persists,  morphine 
and  atrophine  hypodermically.  One  or  two  doses  of  acon- 
ite tincture  sometimes  useful.  Bleeding  sometimes  advisa- 
ble if  brain  disturbance  or  breathing  occurs.  A  long,  fine 
trocar  and  canula  in  extreme  swelling.  Strychnine  and 
counter-irritants  to  spine  for  paralysis.  In  young  animals, 
where  stomach  is  overloaded  with  clots  of  curd,  oil,  fol- 
lowed by  ether  or  spirit  of  ammonia. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 


DYSPEPSIA.  99 

DYSPEPSIA  (CHRONIC   INDIGESTION), 

Is  a  fault}7  conversion  of  food  into  its  natural  elements. 
In  the  horse,  owing  to  the  food  continuing  in  the  stomach 
but  a  comparatively  short  time,  much  of  the  digestive 
process  is  performed  in  the  intestines.  Indigestion  there- 
fore is  not  altogether  the  fault  of  the  stomach. 

The  seat  of  indigestion  seems  to  be  the  hair-like  or 
velvet-like  lining  of  the  stomach  or  intestinal  canal.  These 
membranes  furnish  secretions  indispensably  necessary  to 
the  due  conversion  of  food  into  nourishing  and  feculent 
matter,  and  one  or  both  of  them  may  be  functionally 
faulty,  causing  irritation,  inflammation,  &c.  But  there 
may  be  other  causes,  namely — imperfect  mastication  and 
salivary  secretion ;  torpid  liver  ;  the  bile  may  be  defective 
in  quality  or  quantity ;  also  the  pancreatic  juice  ;  or  there 
may  be  derangement  in  the  worm-like  movements  of  the 
intestines,  by  means  of  which  their  contents  are  propelled. 

The  disorder  is  peculiar  to  young  horses,  especially  such 
as  are  reared  in  low,  marshy,  cold,  poor  pastures.  The 
coarse,  rank,  sour  grass  seems  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
disease  of  the  bowels. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  are  plain,  but  it  is  usu- 
ally difficult  to  name  the  part  or  organ  that  is  affected. 
The  horse  is  dull  and  spiritless,  though  the  appetite  may 
be  even  voracious:  but  it  may  be  intermittent — £ood  at 
one  time,  bad  at  another ;  sometimes  it  is  depraved,  horse 
eating  dirt,  plaster,  brick,  wood,  stones,  &c;  coat  pen- 
feathered,  dry,  and  perhaps  scurfy,  nor  is  it  shed  at  the 
usual  season ;  hide-bound ;  dung  either  darker  or  lighter 
than  natural,  with  offensive  odor,  and  coated  with  mucus ; 
when  broken,  crumbles  to  pieces,  appearing  to  consist  of 
loosely  compacted  chopped  hay,  mingled  with  many  entire 
or  imperfectly  dissolved  oats;  colicky  pains  in  severe  or 
advanced  cases ;  inclined  to  be  costive  when  in  stable,  but 
exercise  causes  purging;    skin  sympathizes,  as   shown   by 


100  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

the  coat;  it  may  be  in  a  morbid  or  perhaps  eruptive 
condition. 

Remedy. — Careful  dietary ;  avoid  long  fasts ;  vary  food ; 
water  at  reasonable  intervals,  or  keep  it  in  stable  con- 
stantly. A  laxative  is  almost  invariably  the  first  requi- 
site, conjoined  with  a  cholagogue  in  bilious  cases.  (Chol- 
agogues  promote  the  flow  of  bile.  See  '  Purgatives/  page 
35.)  Alkalies,  chalk,  magnesia  before  feeding,  or  with 
food  in  debilitated  cases.  Ball  of  whiting  and  piece  of  rock 
salt  in  rack.  Alkalies  may  be  conjoined  with  mix  vomica 
and  other  bitters.  Hydrochloric  or  other  mineral  acids, 
with  bitters  and  iron  salts,  preferable  to  alkalies  in  per- 
sistent cases.  Hard  worked  horses  often  benefited  by  mix- 
ing an  ounce  of  linseed  oil  with  food  daily.  Glycerine, 
especially  for  young.  Ox-bile  with  gentian  or  mix  vomica 
in  intractable  cases.  Bismuth  and  hydrocyanic  acid  in 
chronic  gastric  irritability.  Creosote,  eucalyptus,  pepper- 
mint oils  for  undue  fermentation.  Arsenic  with  morphine 
in  chronic  irritable  cases,  and  where  food  causes  diarrhea. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

BOTS  (Afterward   Gad-Flies), 

Are  little  grub-like  creatures,  voided  with  the  dung. 
As  a  rule  they  are  not  injurious.  In  some  cases,  how- 
ever, when  present  in  large  numbers,  they  are  injurious, 
and  may  cause,  or  at  least  aid  in  causing,  death.  It  is 
said  that  no  known  medicine  will  destroy  the  bot  while 
in  the  stomach. 

Tlie  gad-fly  or  bot  undergoes  about  as  many  transfor- 
mations as  the  butter-fly.  The  egg  is  deposited  on  the 
hair  in  autumn,  is  conveyed  to  the  tongue  by  licking, 
hatched  by  the  heat  and  moisture  almost  instantly,  and 
is  then  conveyed,  with  the  food,  to  the  stomach,  where 
it  remains  during  the  winter,  its  dark-brown  hooks  being 
securely  fixed  in  the  cuticular  coat,  a  part  that  is  said  to 
be  as  insensible  to  pain  as  are  the  hoofs.     In  the  spring 


REMEDY   FOR   BOTS,    STOMACH    RUPTURE,    ETC.  101 

it  releases  its  hold,  is  conveyed  to  the  intestines,  and 
sooner  or  later  expelled.  It  dries,  assumes  a  crysalis  state 
for  about  two  months,  and  then  is  born  as  a  gad-fly. 

Remedy. — Turpentine  and  oils,  bitters,  hydrochloric 
acid,  copper  and  iron  sulphates,  arsenic ;  then  purgatives. 
Green  fodder.     Destroy  larvae  and  fly. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

RUPTURE  OF  STOMACH 

Is  a  natural  though  not  necessary  termination  of  unre- 
lieved gorged  stomach,  and  perhaps  also  chronic  indiges- 
tion or  other  disease.  It  may  also  be  caused  by  the  strain 
of  vomiting,  or  attempted  vomiting,  the  struggles  of  the 
horse  while  suffering,  stones  in  the  stomach,  external  vio- 
lence, &c.  It  is  peculiar  to  old  and  exhausted  horses. 
Fatal.  Morphine  injected  under  the  skin  will  afford  some 
relief. 

FLATULENT  STOMACH  (COLIC), 

Is  caused  by  the  stomach  or  intestines,  or  both,  becom- 
ing distended  with  air  or  gas  (gas  from  food).  The  dis- 
order is  usually  caused  by  green  food — grass,  wheat,  rye, 
&c.  The  condition  of  the  stomach  is  sometimes  an  im- 
portant factor.  Crib-biters  are  predisposed  to  colic.  A 
sharp  trot  will  often  give  a  crib-biter  relief. 

Remedy. — See  '  Colic,  Spasmodic  and  Flatulent/  pages 
102,  103,  104. 

POLYPUS  (TUMOR)  OF  STOMACH. 

Dr.  Brown  describes  one,  weighing  7^  ounces,  that  ap- 
parently caused  no  inconvenience  till  it  obstructed  the 
pylorus.  It  had  a  rather  tortuous  pedicle,  3  inches  long 
by  1  in  diameter,  with  an  artery  and  2  veins  in  its  cen- 
ter. About  15  inches  of  "  the  first  small  gut  were  mor- 
tified," 


DISEASES    OF    THE    INTESTINES 


The  intestines  are  more  subject  to  disease  than  the 
stomach.  They  are  of  far  greater  bulk,  the  part  they 
perform  in  the  process  of  digestion  is  more  complex,  and 
the  aliment  remains  in  them  much  longer,  so  that  any- 
thing hurtful  it  may  contain  has  a  better  chance  to  de- 
velop itself.  Further,  owing  to  their  great  length,  tortu- 
osities, and  difference  in  shape  and  size,  concretions  are 
more  likely  to  form  within  and  obstruct  them.  Again, 
owing  to  their  worm-like  movements,  one  is  liable  to  get 
twisted  or  knotted,  which  may  cause  death.  Some  intes- 
tinal diseases  are  acute  and  rapid  in  their  course ;  others 
are  so  mild  and  insidious  that  they  are  not  noticed — or, 
if  noticed,  not  till  it  is  too  late.  Kemedies  must  be  given 
promptly. 

SPASMODIC  COLIC 

Is  caused  by  spasm  or  cramp  of  some  part  or  parts  of 
the  intestinal  tube.  The  tube,  by  means  of  its  muscular 
coat,  possesses  self-contracting  power,  which  enables  it  to 
propel  its  contents  onward  from  the  stomach.  When  the 
contraction  is  such  as  to  cause  spasm  or  cramp,  spasmodic, 
colic  follows.  The  tube  is  usually  contracted  to  a  third 
or  a  fourth  or  more  of  its  natural  diameter,  and  at  inter- 
vals of  two,  three,  or  four  inches.  Sometimes  they  arc 
one,  two,  or  three  feet  apart.  The  usual  seat  of  cramp 
is  the  small  intestines,  but  the  large  ones  are  not  exempt. 

According  to  Gamgee,  who  is  corroborated  by  Williams, 
colic  is  caused  by  an  irritant  in  the  intestinal  canal,  and 
is  best  treated  by  purgatives  and  injections.  Pain  and 
spasm  are  only  symptoms, 


SPASMODIC   COLIC.  103 

The  causes  are  over  and  irregular  feeding — even  with 
healthy  food ;  cooked  foods  and  foods  of  bad  quality ;  too 
much  rye,  wheat,  vetches,  peas,  and  other  green  foods; 
sudden  changes  of  food ;  overdrinking  when  heated ;  dis- 
ease of,  and  parasites,  poisons,  and  stones  in,  the  intes- 
tines ;  diseases  of  contiguous  parts ;  the  influence  of  cold 
and  damp  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  &c. 

Ordinary  cases  are  relieved  by  a  single  dose  of  medi- 
cine— sometimes  without  medicine.  In  severe  cases  if  re- 
lief does  not  come  in  about  six  hours,  recovery  is  doubt- 
ful. Fatal  cases  usually  terminate  in  about  24  hours. 
Whatever  is  given  must  be  given  at  once.  Watch  for 
relapses. 

Stallions  should  be  examined  for  symptoms  of  rupture. 
Examine  the  scrotum ;  also  the  inguinal  (groin)  canals  and 
abdominal  rings.     (See  f  Inguinal  Hernia/  page  58.)     . 

Spasmodic  colic  is  distinguished  from  inflammation  of 
the  bowels  (enteritis)  in  many  ways,  namely :  there  is  no 
preceding  indisposition;  no  cold,  hot,  or  shivering  fits; 
expressions  of  pain  are  stronger,  and  come  on  by  fits  and 
starts ;  remissions  of  pain,  but  constant  watchfulness,  as 
if  in  expectation  of  pain ;  pulse  contracted  to  a  thread, 
yet  not  exceeding  50;  drops  down  suddenly  and  rolls 
about,  instead  of  lying  down  quietly;  absence  of  heat 
about  the  abdomen. 

Symptoms. — Attack  sudden;  paws,  stamps,  and  strikes 
belly  with  hind  feet ;  after  bending  knees  and  crouching 
body  several  times,  advances  hind  feet  in  attempts  to  lie 
down ;  at  last  drops  rather  than  lies  down,  the  fall  caus- 
ing a  grunt;  rolls,  each  time  trying  to  balance  on  its 
back ;  if,  by  getting  against  the  stall,  it  succeeds,  remains 
quiet  for  a  minute  or  two,  the  feet  drawn  down  to  the 
belly,  the  head  and  neck  curved  to  one  side  perhaps. 
Sometimes,  if  it  fails  to  balance  on  its  back,  it  will  rise 
suddenly,  shake  itself,  and  stand  quietly  for  a  time.  But 
it  soon  averts  its  head  and  looks  at  its  flanks  anxiously. 


104  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

Fit  follows  fit,  each  one  usually  increasing  in  length  and 
severity,  the  intervals  of  ease  being  imperceptible ;  phys- 
ical exertion  and  convulsions  cause  profuse  perspiration ; 
drops  of  sweat  stand  on  the  brows  and  eyelashes. 

The  next  state  is  one  of  delirium,  violence,  danger; 
eyes  wild ;  cold  sweats ;  tremors ;  falls,  or  perhaps  from 
the  maddening  pain,  throws  itself  down  and  dies. 

The  pulse  at  first  and  during  remissions  of  pain  is  little 
altered;  during  pain,  as  before  said,  it  quickens  and  is 
contracted  to  a  thread,  being  at  times  almost  impercepti- 
ble ;  during  extreme  pain,  its  quickness  and  perceptibility 
are  increased ;  belly  tense,  sometimes  swollen,  and  usually 
very  tender ;  bowels  constipated,  though  dung  will  often 
pass  on  the  eve  of  an  attack,  and  sometimes  afterward; 
also  urine. 

Remedy. — See  ( Flatulent  Colic/ 

FLATULENT  COLIC 

Is  not  as  common  as  e  spasmodic  colic/  but  it  is  more 
dangerous.  It  is  caused  by  indigestion,  foods  which  easily 
undergo  fermentation,  such  as  raw  potatoes,  green  clover, 
brewers'  grain,  wheat,  and  boiled  food,  crib-biting,  &c. 
It  may  follow  spasmodic  colic.  Its  seat  is  the  large  in- 
testines— csecum  and  colon. 

Symptoms. — Unlike  spasmodic  colic,  there  are  no  re- 
missions of  pain,  and  the  belly  is  more  or  less  tensely 
swollen  and  resonant  on  percussion ;  pulse  soon  becomes 
rapid  and  feeble ;  breathing  rapid  and  mostly  thoracic 
(belonging  to  the  chest) ;  extremities  cold ;  more  or  less 
delirium ;  reels  to  and  fro ;  muscles  twitch ;  lips  re- 
tracted, &c. 

Remedy. — Purgative  to  remove  irritant;  aloes  for  the 
horse,  oils  and  salines  for  cattle  and  sheep.  Purgation 
hastened  and  pain  relieved  by  copious  laxative  clyster  in- 
jections, hot  fomentations,  friction  to  abdomen,  and  gen- 
tle exercise.     Ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  other  volatile  oils, 


REMEDY    FOR   COLIC — ENTERITIS. 


105 


ammonia  and  ammonium  carbonate  combat  flatulence. 
Ether,  alcohol,  and  chloral  hydrate,  with  opium,  bella- 
donna, or  cannabis  indica,  control  spasm  and  pain.  Mor- 
phine and  atrophine  hypodermically  promptly  relieve 
spasm.  Inhalation  of  chloroform  quiets  violent  spasmodic 
cases. 

Eepeated  recurring  attacks  in  influenza,  often  connected 


Fig.  19.     "Where  to  puncture  for  Flatulent  Colic. 


Fig.  20.     Ca?cum  and  Colon  Trocars. 


with  liver  disease,  treated  with  half  dose  of  aloes  and  a 
little  calomel,  spirit  of  chloroform  and  mustard  in-rubbing 
to  abdomen 

In  intractable  '  Flatulent  Colic/  trocar  colon. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BOWELS  (ENTERITIS), 

Is  the  most  rapidly  fatal  disease  perhaps  to  which  the 
horse  is  subject,  causing  death  sometimes  in  a  few  hours. 
According  to  Williams,  it  is  more  like  an  apoplexy  than 


106  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HOKSE. 

an  inflammation.  Robertson  says  it  is  different  from  or- 
dinary inflammations  both  in  its  clinical  and  after-death 
features.  The  large  as  well  as  the  small  bowels  are  liable 
to  attack,  the  weakest  or  most  irritated  parts  suffering 
first  probably. 

Its  most  frequent  causes  perhaps  are  overfatigue,  cold 
from  exposure,  washing  with  very  cold  water  while  heated 
and  afterward  inadequately  clothed,  overfeeding  previous 
to  hard  work,  injuries  to  the  intestines,  and  certain  dis- 
eases. It  is  liable,  in  some  cases,  to  settle  in  the  feet, 
especially  the  fore  feet.  Examine  stallions  for  rupture. 
Pressure  of  the  abdomen  is  a  good  test  for  enteritis ;  but 
the  surest  test  is  examination  per  rectum  with  the  oiled 
hand. 

Recoveries  are  rare,  death  resulting  either  from  morti- 
fication or  hemorrhage — blood  in  the  colon  or  other  in- 
testine. 

The  disease  is  distinguished  from  spasmodic  colic  (1) 
by  the  pulse,  which  is  full,  firm,  and  accelerated  to  double 
or  treble  its  natural  frequency ;  (2)  history  of  case ;  (3) 
manner  of  attack — not  so  sudden ;  (4)  intermissions — 
practically  none ;    (5)  progress  of  case. 

Symptoms. — No  appetite;  dull  and  feverish;  paws, 
stamps,  strikes  belly,  cringes,  &c,  very  much  as  in  spas- 
modic colic ;  paws  with  one  foot  for  hours ;  anxious  and 
painful  expression  of  eye  ;  belly  tense,  painful,  and  drawn 
up  toward  flanks ;  dung  hard,  angular,  and  dark  colored. 
As  the  disease  progresses,  animal  becomes  restless,  breathes 
hard,  sighs,  perhaps  snorts ;  breathing  sooner  or  later  be- 
comes hurried  as  well  as  hard ;  nostrils  dilated ;  counte- 
nance painfully  vigilant;  bathed  in  sweat — one  time  hot, 
another  cold  ;  occasional  tremor ;  tail  erect  and  quivering ; 
mouth  hot  and  dry;    pulse  80  to  120 — hard,  wiry. 

The  last  stage  borders  on  delirium ;  wild,  haggard  stare, 
pupils  dilating;  danger.  Suddenly  a  change  comes — the 
change  of  mortification ;    pain  ceases ;   quiet ;   drinks  and 


REMEDY    FOR    ENTERITIS — DIARRHEA.  107 

attempts  to  eat;  breathing  tranquil,  but  breath  more  or 
less  fetid ;  pulse  imperceptible  ;  cold,  clammy  sweat ;  tre- 
mor from  head  to  foot;  ears,  legs,  mouth  deadly  cold; 
little  dung  has  passed.     Convulsions  return.     Death. 

Sometimes  the  symptoms  at  first  are  comparatively  mild. 
They  indicate  mechanical  obstruction  perhaps. 

Remedy. — Morphine  and  atrophine  hypodermically  at 
intervals  of  2  hours  for  bloody  effusion.  Ergotin  has  been 
conjoined  with  these  with  view  of  contracting  blood  ves- 
sels. Half  dram  each  of  opium,  belladonna  extract,  and 
camphor  in  pint  of  gruel  every  2  hours.  Where  heart 
action  is  violent,  10  to  15  minims  B.  P.  tincture  aconite 
may  be  added.  Bleeding  sometimes  useful  in  early  stages 
in  vigorous  subjects.  No  purging.  Laxative  injections. 
From  the  first  apply  rugs  wrung  out  of  hot  water  around 
trunk  for  2  hours.  Then  rub  belly  with  soap  liniment 
and  opium  (opium  in  liniment). 

Enteritis  is  not  as  sudden  in  other  animals  as  in  the 
horse,  nor  so  rapidly  fatal.  Bleed  robust  subjects.  Few 
doses  of  aconite,  or  oil  and  calomel.  Hot  fomentations, 
mustard,  and  soap  liniment.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

DIARRHEA 

May  be  independent,  or  it  may  be  the  result  of  some 
other  disorder.  When  independent,  it  is  simply  an  effort 
of  nature  to  rid  itself  of  unhealthy  matter.  This  is  well, 
even  if  it  is  caused  by  green  food.  But  it  must  not  go 
too  far,  for  diarrhea  may  be  followed  by  dysentery.  Long 
continuance  in  cold,  wet,  rank  pastures  sometimes  has 
this  result. 

Diarrhea  may  result  from  increased  peristaltic  (worm- 
like) action  of  the  bowels,  congestion  or  inflammation  of 
their  mucous  membrane,  disorder  of  the  liver,  mesenteric 
glands,  intestinal  worms,  &c.  Too  much  cold  water  just 
before  work,  or  during  work,  is  bad.  Some  waters  seem 
to  possess  diarrheal  properties, 


108  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

Diarrhea  in  foals  and  calves  is  often  attended  with  seri- 
ous or  fatal  results,  and  it  is  sometimes  epizootic.  Its 
cause  is  functional  disturbance,  which  is  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  the  process  of  digestion. 

Remedy. — Laxatives  in  first  stage  to  remove  irritant. 
Rest;  comfortably  warm.  Restrict  water;  diet  carefully; 
wheaten  Hour  gruel.  Alkalies;  chalk  where  dejections 
(excrements  or  feces)  are  acid.  Mineral  acids  or  gallic 
acid,  with  opium,  in  profuse  watery  discharges.  Injec- 
tions of  starch  gruels  at  100°  F.,  with  lead  acetate  and 
opium.  Aromatics  and  camphor  abate  nervous  irritability. 
Oil  of  cinnamon  in  cases  resulting  from  cold.  Volatile 
oils,  ether,  chloroform,  chlorodyne  in  moderate  but  fre- 
quently repeated  doses  relieve  flatulence  and  spasm.  Am- 
monia carbonate  where  watery  secretions  are  continued 
and  the  heart  action  weak.  Arsenic  and  opium  in  chronic 
cases.  Copper  sulphate ;  corrosive  sublimate,  with  creo- 
sote and  opium,  when  chronic  discharges  contain  mucus 
and  blood.  Ergotin  and  opium,  with  keratin,  where  the 
discharges  are  profuse  and  continued.  Antiseptics,  sul- 
phites, sulpho-carbolates  where  discharges  are  foul.  Nitric 
acid  and  mix  vomica  when  complicated  with  liver  disorder. 

For  young  animals  :  Castor  oil  with  a  few  drops  laud- 
num.  While  patient  is  fed  on  milk,  if  it  disagrees  when 
given  with  lime  water  in  cautiously  regulated,  restricted 
quantity,  substitute  cooked  starch  food,  or  beef  tea  and 
white  of  egg,  with  a  little  wine  or  spirit,  if  the  animal 
is  reduced.  Gray  powder  where  the  discharge  is  pale  and 
fetid.  (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.)  ' Spirit'  usually 
means  alcohol;    but  it  also  means  whisky,  gin,  Avine,  &c. 

DYSENTERY  OR  BLOODY  FLUX 

Is  comparatively  rare,  but  dangerous.  It  consists  in 
inflammation  and  ulceration  of  the  mucous  membrane  and 
glandular  structures  of  the  large  and  sometimes  the  small 
intestines,  and  is  attended  with  fever,  occasional  abdomi- 


REMEDY   FOR   DYSENTERY   OR   RLOODY   FLUX.  109 

nal  pain,  fluid  discharges,  mingled  with  blood  or  albu- 
minous materials  (floating,  coflee-ground-like  lumps).  It 
resembles  diarrhea  in  several  of  its  features,  and  some- 
times follows  it.  It  is  caused  by  bad  food  and  water  and 
exposure  in  low,  wret,  marshy  pastures,  the  filth  and  ma- 
laria of  overcrowded  stables,  blood  contamination,  intesti- 
nal parasites,  &c. 

The  disease  is  best  differentiated  from  diarrhea  by  the 
character  of  the  bowel  discharges.  These  contain  a  mod- 
erate quantity  of  true  fecal  matter,  either  soft  or  hard. 
The  liquid  part  is  composed  largely  of  mucus  and  a  jelly- 
like material,  mingled  wTith  shreds  of  membrane  or  blood, 
the  whole  being  of  a  tenacious,  gluey  character,  and  emit- 
ting a  peculiarly  offensive  smell. 


Fig.  21.     Chronic  Dysentery. 


Remedy. — Digestible,, soft  food;  restricted  water  sup- 
ply; quiet.  Small  occasional  doses  gray  powder  or  calo- 
mel, with  other  antiseptics.  Occasional  dose  of  castor  oil 
and  laudanum  for  fever.  Lead  acetate  and  opium,  gallic, 
tannic,  or  mineral  acids,  with  opium,  or  earbolized  glyc- 
erine and  opium,  in  solution,  or  bolus  incased  in  keratin. 


110 


THE   DISEASES  OF  THE   HOUSE. 


Chloroform,  chlorodyne,  with  opium,  relieve  tenesmus 
(inability  to  dung).  Opium  as  anodyne — by  mouth,  in- 
jection, and  suppository.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 


VETERINARY  a 

HOLLOW  SUPPOSITORIES.  -c 


Fig.  22.  Suppository.  One  of  these  Suppositories,  filled  with  wet  tobacco, 
and  inserted  in  the  rectum,  will  usually  cure  colic  in  a  few  minutes.  The 
same  treatment  will  destroy  '  pin  worms '  in  horses,  say  Reynders  &  Co. 


CONSTIPATION 

May  exist  independently  or  be  the  result  of  a  disease 
or  a  combination  of  diseases.  The  independent  form, 
which  is  rarely  dangerous,  is  usually  the  result  of  lack  of 
bowel  motion,  fluid  material,  green  or  soft  food,  &c. 

Symptoms. — Weakness;  disturbed  appetite  ;  hair  long; 
skin  dry ;  legs  disposed  to  swell ;  often  pot-bellied ;  pulse 
sometimes  small,  weak,  and  perhaps  accelerated ;  mouth 
fetid  ;  mucous  membranes  and  tongue  soapy ;  in  bad  cases 
lips  and  gums  may  be  covered  with  dark,  pus-and-blood- 
like  matter,  &c. 

Remedy. — Laxative  diet,  diluents,  salines,  regular  ex- 
ercise. Moderate  purgatives,  especially  in  liver  disorder ; 
laxative  clysters.  Aloes,  oils,  calomel,  small  doses  Epsom 
salt  for  horses.  Epsom  salt,  croton,  gamboge,  calomel 
for  cattle.  Gentian,  quinine  and  other  tonics  for  debili- 
tated. Oil  of  turpentine  by  mouth  and  rectum  for  flat- 
ulence. Soap  suppository  in  young  animals.  Nux  vomica, 
belladonna,  physostygmine  in  chronic  cases.  Electricity 
and  ergot  give  tone. 

Where  stones  or  twisted  intestines  cause  the  obstruction, 


INTESTINAL   STONES — WORMS.  Ill 

avoid  purgatives.     Use   diluents,  laxative   injections,  and 
anodynes.     (For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.) 

INTESTINAL    AND    STOMACH    CONCRETIONS 
(CALCULI), 

Are  divided  by  Prof.  Morton  into  phosphatic,  oat-hair, 
and  mixed.  The  phosphatic  are  hard,  smooth,  and  pol- 
ished, .  having  hard  substances  (stones,  &c.)  for  nuclei 
(centers) ;  the  oat-hair  are  larger  but  less  dense,  having 
beards  of  oats,  barley,  &c,  for  nuclei;  the  mixed  are 
composed  of  phosphatic  salts,  oat-hair,  and  fecal  and  in- 
digestible matter.  They  vary  in  size  from  mere  pebbles 
to  large  stones — even  25  pounds.  The  impassable  stones 
cause  irritation  and  sometimes  death.  When  within  reach 
they  may  be  removed  per  rectum.  Sift  the  food.  Phos- 
phatic foods  and  hard  water  are  factors. 

Remedy. — Explore  rectum;  use  long  injection  tube. 
Avoid  active  purgatives.  Morphine  and  atrophine  hypo- 
dermically  for  spasm  and  pain. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

WORMS  (INTESTINAL). 

Four  kinds  are  peculiar  to  the  horse.  1.  The  '  Ascaris 
lumbricoides/  resembling  the  common  earth  worm,  inhab- 
its the  small  intestines.  It  is  round,  nearly  as  large  as 
the  little  finger,  and  varies  in  length  from  three  or  four 
inches  to  a  foot  or  even  two  feet.  It  is  white  or  reddish- 
white  in  color.  Usually  only  one  is  passed  at  a  time,  but 
150  have  been  known  to  pass  in  a  week.  Chabert  found 
14  pounds  in  one  horse. 

2.  The  '  Ascaris  vermicularis/  a  lively,  needle -like 
worm,  inhabits  the  large  intestines.  It  is  perhaps  the  most 
pernicious  of  the  four  kinds.  It  is  from  one-half  to  three 
inches  long.  The  head  is  obtuse,  the  tail  sharp  pointed. 
There  is  a  semi-transparent  and  a  black  variety. 

3.  The  '  Strongylus '  is  similar  in  size  to  the  red  worm 


112  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  HOUSE. 

used  by  fishermen.  It  is  from  two  to  four  iuehes  long, 
and  has  two  distinct  parts — body  and  tail.  The  tail  is 
thread-like,  and  constitutes  more  than  half  the  worm's 
length.  When  first  voided,  they  appear  black,  the  tail 
and  sometimes  the  head  being  transparent.  When  taken 
from  the  dung,  they  vomit  up  their  black  contents  and  die. 

4.  The  '  Taenia '  (tape-worm)  is  white,  flat,  thin,  broad, 
and  jointed  at  regular  intervals.  It  is  said  to  sometimes 
measure  twenty  feet  in  length.  The  head,  which  is  tuber- 
culous and  attached  to  the  smaller  end  of  the  body,  is 
said  to  be  directed  toward  and  sometimes  within  the 
stomach.     They  are  rare. 

The  worms  are  rarely  numerous  enough  to  cause  death, 
but  when  present  in  large  numbers  they  cause  more  or 
less  harm.  They  die  shortly  after  the  horse  dies.  Pov- 
erty of  body,  insufficient  nutrition,  stagnant  water,  and 
miasms  are  said  to  be  conducive  of  them.  They  are  pe- 
culiar to  young  horses. 

Symptoms. — Colicky  pains;  attemj:>ts  to  dung,  but 
little  joasses  except  glairy  mucus ;  oscillatory  motion  of  the 
tail;  rubbing  root  of  tail,  owing  to  itching  about  anus; 
white  or  yellow  powder  about  anus ;  depraved  and  fastid- 
ious appetite ;  fond  of  salt ;  rubbing  upper  lip ;  coat  dry 
and  rough,  remaining  in  patches  long  after  shedding  time ; 
hide-bound ;  lean  and  unable  to  thrive ;  feverish ;  pulse 
small  and  quick ;  mouth  unusually  dry  and  warm.  But 
the  best  sign  is  the  worm  itself. 

Remedy. — Aloes,  oil  turpentine,  bitters.  Ferric  chlo- 
ride, copper  sulphate.     Aconite  tincture,  salt  in  manger. 

Oil  turpentine  and  male  shield  fern  for  tape-worm. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

TWISTED    OR    STRANGLED    BOWELS   (VOL- 
VULUS), 

Is  usually  caused  by  the  worm-like  movements  of  the 
long,  loose,  and  coiled  intestines,  but  a  long-necked  tumor, 


BOWEL   IRREGULARITIES.  113 

by  winding  itself  around  the  intestine,  may  cause  the  same 
result strangling.  The  symptoms  resemble  those  of  in- 
flammation of  the  bowels.  Rupture  of  the  intestine  may 
result,  but  the  disease  is  usually  fatal  whether  it  does  or 

not. 

Remedy.— It  cannot  be  rectified  by  medical  treatment, 
but  a  surgical  operation,  if  undertaken  early,  may  be  suc- 
cessful. 
INTUSSUSCEPTION  OR  INTROSUSCEPTION 

Is  the  slipping  of  a  part  of  one  intestine  into  another, 
usually  the  one  behind.  Cartwright  reports  a  case  of  12 
introsusceptions,  and  another  where  a  foot  of  intestine 
was  invaginated.  Walker  reports  a  case  of  2  feet;  Tur- 
ner one  of  16  feet  4  inches;  Hales  found  the  whole  of 
the  caecum  within  the  colon,  and  inverted  at  that. 

The  symptoms  resemble  those  of  inflammation  of  the 
bowels,  but  there  are  intermissions  of  pain ;  also  sighing, 
groaning,  lying  on  the  belly,  resting  on  the  hind  quar- 
ters, and  a  disposition,  when  down,  to  stay  down.  Usu- 
ally fatal. 

Remedy. — No  treatment  is  of  much  avail.  Restrict  to 
a  limited  quantity  of  soft  food.  No  purging.  Opium  and 
cannabis  indica  allay  spasm  and  pain.  Prof.  Smith's  long 
enema  tube  may  be  tried. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

PILES  (HEMORRHOIDS), 

Is  rare  in  the  horse.  It  is  peculiar  to  dogs,  and  is  the 
result  of  congestion  of  the  mucous  membrane  around  the 
anus  and  dilatation  of  the  hemorrhoidal  veins. 

Remedy. — Oily  aperients,  laxative  injections.  Remove 
hardened  dung.  Return  prolapsed  bowel.  Cooling,  diges- 
tible diet.  Gall  and  opium  ointment,  or  zinc  benzoate 
ointment. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 


114  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

PROTRUSION  OF  THE  ANUS  OR  RECTUM 

Is  rare. 

Remedy. — Return  the  bowel  carefully,  first  washing 
with  dilute  alcohol,  laudanum,  and  a  little  carbolic  acid. 
Close  external  opening  with  truss  or  stitches.  Control 
straining  by  opium  or  chloral.  When  the  rectum  is  much 
swollen,  scarify  carefully. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   URINARY  ORGANS. 


The  kidney  is  a  very  susceptible  organ.  It  is  easily 
affected  by  medicine,  a  fact  of  great  importance  to  prac- 
titioners. Sometimes  medicines  given  as  purges,  instead 
of  acting  on  the  bowels,  apparently  expend  their  whole 
force  on  the  kidneys,  giving  the  urine,  which  is  copious, 
a  dark  color.  This  fact  probably  accounts  for  mercury 
being  so  slow  in  producing  salivation. 

A  case  of  single  kidney,  but  of  double  size,  is  recorded. 

The  urine  may  contain  excess  of  water,  urea,  coloring 
matter,  and  inorganic  constituents ;  also  a  deficiency  of 
water  and  inorganic  constituents.  There  may  be  altera- 
tion of  other  organic  compounds,  the  acid  constituents 
and  extractive  matters.  It  may  contain  albumen,  bile 
compounds,  sugar,  blood,  pus,  mucus,  calculi,  &c.  It  is 
naturally  alkaline  in  herb-eating  and  acid  in  flesh-eating 
animals.  It  differs  in  composition  in  various  animals,  but 
some  of  its  constituents  are  identical. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  KIDNEYS  (NEPHRITIS), 

Is  rare.  It  is  usually  caused  by  medicinal  irritation — 
turpentine,  the  resins,  cantharides  (internal  or  blister), 
croton  oil,  &c. ;  stimulating  food,  cold,  water  dripping  on 
the  back  and  loins,  injuries,  &c.  Kobertson  describes  two 
forms.     He  also  describes  kidney  congestion. 

Symptoms. — There  are  many,  but  the  surest  are  scanty 
secretion  or  total  suppression  of  urine ;  frequent  attempts 
to  stale,  passing  perhaps  but  a  few  drops  of  highly  col- 
ored, unhealthy  urine.  In  the  stallion  retraction  (draw- 
ing back)  of  the  testicle  on  the  affected  side  may  be  pres- 


Ill 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HOftSE. 


ent.      The   symptoms    are   sometimes   indicative    of  colic 
rather  than  kidney  disease. 


Fig.  23.     The  test  for  Inflammation  of  the  Kidneys. 

Remedy. — Bleeding  if  febrile  symptoms  acute.  Aco- 
nite in  early  stages  of  acute  cases.  Gentle  laxatives  re- 
move waste  products  and  lessen  work  of  kidneys.  In  sup- 
pression of  urine,  digitalis  decoction  repeatedly  applied  to 
loins.  Linseed,  diluents,  barley  water.  Promote  skin  func- 
tions. Alkaline  bicarbonates  and  sulphites  as  antiseptics. 
Anodyne  clysters  relieve  reflexly.  Fomentations  or  fresh 
sheep  skins  to  loins.  Where  chronic  irritation  remains, 
belladonna,  opium,  camphor  as  anodynes. 

For  closes,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ALBUMINOUS  URINE  (ALBUMINURIA), 

Is  rare.  It  is  best  determined  perhaps  by  chemical  tests. 
Tested  with  bichloride  of  mercury,  it  yields  a  copious 
milky  precipitate.  If  it  does  not  coagulate  on  exposure 
to  heat,  add  acetic  acid,  and  then  prussiate  of  potash. 


KIDNEY    DISORDERS. 


117 


According  to  Percivall  and  Williams,  the  following  are 
more  or  less  constant 

Symptoms. — Standing  with  distended  legs,  perhaps  all 
day,  not  for  staling,  but  for  comfort;  or  standing  "  all 
of  a  heap,"  back  roached,  hind  legs  advanced.  When  led, 
back  and  loins  stiff;  some  fever.  In  severe  cases  there 
are  rigors,  accelerated  respiration,  loud  puffing  at  nostrils, 
anxious  countenance,  small,  quick  pulse,  disinclination  to 
move,  pain  in  turning,  and  usually  constipation. 


Fig.  24.     Positions  assumed  when  suffering  from  Albuminous  Urine. 

Remedy. — When  it  arises  from  other  than  kidney  dis- 
ease, it  will  cease  when  the  cause  is  removed.  When  de- 
pending on  kidney  disease,  the  treatment  is  only  palliative. 
Aid  kidneys  by  keeping  bowels  relaxed  with  good  food ; 
keep  skin  warm ;  avoid  cold ;  tonics  or  mineral  acids ; 
(Williams.)     For  list  of  tonics,  see  page  37. 


light  work. 


BLOOD  IN  THE   URINE  (H/EMATURIA\ 

May  appear  as  bright  fluid  blood,  mixed  with  the  urine, 
or  it  may  contain  a  brown  or  dark  colored  deposit — blood 
corpuscles,  existing  in  entirety  or  undergoing  a  change. 
When  due  to  the  bladder,  it  usually  follows,  staling ;  when 


118  THE*  DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

from  the  urethra,  it  both  precedes  and  succeeds  it.  It 
may  be  caused  by  external  as  well  as  internal  injury,  dis- 
ease, strains,  overwork,  &c. 

Remedy. — Oleaginous  laxatives;  sulphuric  acid ;  iron 
salts;  lead  acetate  internally.  Ergotin  and  belladonna 
hypodermically.  Fresh  sheep  skins  to  loins;  spinal  hot 
water  bag.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

URINARY  STONES  (CALCULI), 

Are  called  i  renal '  when  in  the  kidney ;  '  uretal '  when 
in  the  tube  leading  from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder; 
'  cystic '  or  i  vesical '  when  in  the  bladder ;  '  urethral ' 
when  in  the  tube  leading  from  the  bladder  outward. 

Kidney  stones  usually  lodge  in  the  pelvis  (cavity)  of 
the  kidney,  but  the  funnels  or  canals  are  also  sometimes 
filled  with  them.  Like  other  calculi  they  differ  in  size, 
conformation,  and  consistence.     Some  weigh  25  ounces. 

Uretal  stones  are  rare.  They  may  be  felt  per  rectum, 
and  may  be  cut  out. 

Bladder  stones  are  somewhat  common.  There  are  more 
or  less  distinct  symptoms  of  their  presence,  but  the  best 
way  to  decide  whether  they  exist  or  not  is  to  feel  per  rec- 
tum or  vagina,  especially  when  the  bladder  is  empty.  The 
operation  is  easy  and  safe.  Mares  have  been  known,  in 
their  agony,  to  expel  their  stones. 

Urethral  stones  are  somewhat  rare.  They  are  usually 
as  large  as  a  walnut,  and  hence  cannot  pass  entirely 
through  the  canal.  They  can  be  felt  per  rectum,  and 
sometimes,  when  near  the  external  orifice  of  the  penis, 
can  be  touched  with  the  finger. 

Remedy. — Dilute  mineral  acids  for  horse.  Alkalies  or 
alkaline  bicarbonates  diminish  tendency  to  urinary  depos- 
its, common  especially  among  highly  fed  rams  and  wethers. 
Ammonia  benzolate  helps  resolution  of  phosphatic  depos- 
its in  sheep.  Diluents;  cooling,  laxative  foods.  Raise 
feeding  sheep  thrice  daily  and  drive  them  a  few  hundred 


BLADDER   DISORDER.  119 

yards,  to  insure  urination.  Place  sheep  on  buttocks ;  the 
sandy  deposits  in  the  urethra  are  gradually  moved  by  ma- 
nipulation. Where  the  canal  is  hopelessly  blocked,  it  must 
be  opened  either  at  the  ischial  arch  or  by  amputation  of 
the  penis.  Lithotomy  (cutting  for  stone)  in  the  horse  and 
ox  and  lithotripsy  (triturating  or  powdering)  in  mare  or 
cow,  the  only  means  of  removing  large  cystic  stones. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION  OR  CATARRH  OF  THE  BLAD- 
DER (CYSTITIS), 

Is  usually  caused  (1)  by  foreign  bodies,  such  as  calculi 
and  morbid  growths ;  (2)  by  irritating  medicines — can- 
tharides,  &c. ;    (3)  retention  of  urine. 

Symptoms. — Restlessness;  paddling  or  repeated  move- 
ing  of  the  hind  feet ;  occasional  whisking  of  tail ;  fre- 
quent discharge  of  urine  in  small  quantities ;  pain  on 
examining  bladder  per  rectum ;  in  severe  and  long-stand- 
ing cases,  where  the  contractile  power  of  the  sphincter  is 
lessened,  there  may  be  continuous  dribbling  of  urine ; 
sometimes  more  or  less  constitutional  disturbance  and 
fever ;  sometimes  subacute  or  chronic  cases,  which  are 
often  indicated  by  pus  and  other  cell  structures  in  the 
urine. 

Remedy. — Oleaginous  laxatives,  aconite,  calomel  abate 
fever.  Bleeding,  followed  by  above  sedatives,  in  early 
stages,  for  acute  pain  and  fever.  Belladonna,  internally 
in  clyster,  and  suppository  in  vagina,  for  irritation.  Soft- 
ening anodyne  injections ;  hyoscyamus,  opium.  Rugs 
wrung  out  of  boiling  water,  or  fresh  sheep  skins  to  loins. 
Mashes,  linseed,  boiled  barley,  diluents.  Potassium  bicar- 
bonate, or  other  alkalies  internally  when  urine  is  acid  or 
acrid.  Benzoic  or  boric  acid,  sulphites,  borax,  sulpho- 
carbolates,  eucalyptus  oil  when  urine  alkaline,  fermenting, 
Or  fetid.  Syringe  female  bladder  with  alkaline  solutions 
when    urine    acrid ;    when    fetid,    with    boro-glycerine    cr 


120  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

dilute  copper  sulphate.     Buchu,  bearberry,  eucalyptus  in 
chronic  vesical  catarrh. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Suppression  and  Retention  of  Urine.— Suppression 
signifies  non-secretion  of  urine ;  retention  inability  to  pass 
urine.  Suppression  of  urine  may  result  from  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys,  or  anything  else  that  prevents  the 
performance  of  their  functions.  Eetention  of  urine  may 
result  from  spasm  or  contraction  of  the  neck  of  the  blad- 
der, the  lodgment  of  stones,  paralysis,  &c.     (Percivall.) 

See  '  Nephritis '  and  '  Cystitis/ 

Cysts  in  the  Kidneys  are  not  rare.  A  fibrous  cyst, 
as  large  as  a  fist,  discovered  by  Percivall,  contained  eight 
ounces  of  black  fluid.  The  fluid  was  composed  of  the 
different  elements  of  the  blood,  particularly  the  coloring 
matter.  Usually,  however,  they  contain  singly  the  watery 
parts  of  the  blood. 

Enlargement  of  the  Kidneys  (one  or  both)  is  not 
unusual.  In  a  recorded  case  one  kidney  weighed  24  lbs., 
the  other  27.  In  another  case  the  right  kidney  "was 
supposed  to  weigh  upward  of  112  lbs."  The  left  was 
healthy,  though  rather  larger  than  natural. 

Inversion  and  Protrusion  of  the  Bladder  sometimes 
occurs  in  foaling.  If  the  protruded  parts  cannot  be  re- 
duced and  returned,  perhaps  a  ligature  may  be  success- 
fully used.     Send  for  a  veterinarian. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   ORGANS  OF   GEN- 
ERATION. 


The  diseases  of  the  organs  of  generation,  especially 
those  of  the  male,  are  rare  in  this  country  and  England. 
Cause — castration.  They  are  also  rare  in  non-breeding 
females. 

A  disease — called  by  the  French  '  Maladie  du  Coit '  (a 
disease  of  copulation) — much  resembling  syphilis  in  man, 
broke  out  in  De  Witt  county,  Illinois,  in  1884,  the  prob- 
able cause  of  which  being  an  imported  and  infected  French 
stallion.  The  disease  made  its  way  to  Kent  county,  On- 
tario, Canada,  in  1887.  Great  effort  was  and  is  being 
made  to  stamp  it  out.  It  is  as  poisonous  apparently  as 
glanders-farcy.  It  is  sometimes  followed  by  one  or  other 
form  of  this  disease  (described  on  page  67). 

EQUINE  SYPHILIS  (MALADIE  DU  COIT), 

Is  a  specific  equine  constitutional  disease,  characterized 
by  lesions  of  the  urino-genital  organs,  and  communicable 
from  coition  by  either  affected  horse  or  mare.     (Dun.) 

It  is  caused  by  filth,  fatty  concretions  beneath  the  pre- 
puce, foreign  substances  within  the  sheath  or  urethra, 
acrid  injections  into  the  urethra,  accidents,  violence  in 
copulation,  &c.     (D'Arboval.) 

The  disease  usually  begins  at  the  head  of  the  penis, 
extending  upward  sometimes  as  far  as  the  lining  of  the 
sheath.  At  first  the  parts  are  tense,  shining,  and  pain- 
ful, but  as  soon  as  any  morbid  tissue  appears,  the  lubre- 
f active  secretion  becomes  augmented,  thickened,  and  fetid. 
Sometimes   it   is   mixed  with    a  whitish  whey,  when  the 


122  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

skin  of  the  penis  peels  off  in  flakes.  Sometimes  the  dis- 
ease consists  of  small,  circumscribed,  red  patches.  These 
are  succeeded  by  or  converted  into  little  bladders,  which, 
bursting,  leave  chancre-like  ulcers.  When  the  disease 
spreads  to  the  urethra,  it  causes  a  communicable  discharge 
from  it.     (D'Arboval.) 

The  mare,  usually  in  eight  or  nine  days,  exhibits  uter- 
ine excitement  resembling  exaggerated  sexual  heat.  The 
vulva  becomes  swollen ;  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
vulva  and  vagina  is  reddened;  there  is  a  white,  yellow, 
grayish,  or  reddish  vaginal  discharge,  at  first  of  a  watery 
nature,  Which  soon  increases,  becoming  thicker,  sticky, 
and  viscid,  collecting  about  and  soiling  the  tail  and  pe- 
rinasum.     (W.  L.  Williams.) 

Dr.  Williams,  whose  experience  is  confined  to  the  Illi- 
nois outbreak,  calls  the  disease  i  Equine  Syphilis/  It  is 
very  insidious  at  first  in  the  stallion,  and  is  besides  very 
deceptive — appearing  to  be  cured  when  it  is  not.  Of  its 
many  bad  effects,  the  worst  perhaps  is  paralysis  of  the 
hind  quarters. 

According  to  most  authorities  there  is  a  benign  form 
of  the  disease.  M.  Eodloff  says  that  the  benign  and  ma- 
lignant forms  are  distinct  diseases,  and  that  the  former 
never  appears  with  the  latter  except  by  accident. 

Remedy. — Mucilaginous  and  anodyne  vaginal  injections 
allay  irritation  in  the  mare  in  the  early  stages.  Follow 
with  astringent  injections  of  zinc  or  copper  sulphates  or 
silver  nitrate.  Treat  male  with  similar  astringents.  Cast. 
The  blood  being  very  deficient  in  fibrin,  French  veterin- 
arians prescribe  bouillon  of  ox  blood  and  horse  flesh. 
Crashed  oats  and  beans  should  also  be  serviceable.     (Dun.) 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Many  months  often  elapse  before  cure  is  effected.  In 
Prussia  stallions  are  not  allowed  to  be  used  tiU  three 
years  after  recovery. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   ORGANS   OF   GENERATION.  123 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  MEMBRANE  OF  THE 
PENIS  (BALANITIS), 

Is  contagious,  especially  when  of  a  specific  or  impure 
form. 

Remedy. — Zinc  sulphate  or  lead  subacetate,  diluted 
solutions.  Zinc  oxide  ointment.  Laxative.  Anodyne  in- 
jections. Chronic  specific  cases,  often  caused  by  leucor- 
rhea  in  female,  accompanied  by  effusion  and  pain,  require 
scarification  and  continued  fomentation.  Horse  or  bull 
must  be  cast  and  secured.  Inflamed  ulcerated  surfaces 
dressed  with  zinc  oxide  ointment,  carbolized,  or  mercuric 
nitrate  ointment.  Quiet  and  rest ;  dose  of  physic.  Lax- 
ative diet.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  URETHRA  (URE- 
THRITIS), 

Is  rare,  being  peculiar  to  stallions.  Its  causes  are  :  Too 
frequent  acts  of  copulation;  copulation  with  a  female 
having  inflammation  of  the  vagina,  or  a  vagina  small  in 
proportion  to  the  male  organ ;  irritation  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal,  caused  by  drenches,  balls  of  cantharides,  &c, 
given  to  reinvigorate  the  stallion  ;  irritation  of  worms  in 
the  rectum ;  shifting  of  irritation ;  inflammation  in  the 
bladder;    retention  of  urine.     (D'Arboval.) 

Symptoms. — Horse,  in  act  of  staling,  looks  at  flanks, 
stamps,  switches  tail,  moaning  and  showing  uneasiness 
when  through;  urethra  red,  swollen,  and  moist  from  dis- 
charge. In  a  few  days  stales  oftener,  with  increase  of 
pain  and  swelling;  discharge  increases,  grows  thicker, 
turns  yellow  or  green ;  it  may  be  squeezed  out,  causing 
streaks  of  blood  perhaps ;  frequent  and  painful  erections ; 
penis  grows  curved ;  engorgement  of  testicles,  spermatic 
cords,  scrotum,  sheath ;  testicles  hang  lower,  sometimes 
swell,  growing  hard  and  painful,  especially  the  oblong 
attachment   called   the  epididymis;    spermatic   cord   sym- 


124  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE    HORSE. 

pathizes ,  and  presents  a  mushroom-like  aspect ;  exterior 
ulcers  and  buds  on  and  near  lower  part  of  penis;  some- 
times red,  exuberant  granulations  also.     (D'Arboval.) 

Remedy. — Copper,  zinc,  or  silver  salts  injected  in  dilute 
solution,  1  part  to  60  of  water.  Oils  of  copaiba  and  euca- 
lyptus internally  and  locally.     Prevent  occlusion  (closing) 


Fig.  25.     Catheter. 

by  cautious  introduction  of  catheter.  Persistent  obstruc- 
tion in  male,  from  inflammation  or  gravel,  sometimes  re- 
quires perineal  opening.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION  AND  CATARRH  (LEUCOR- 
RHEA)  OF  THE  VAGINA. 

Acute  inflammation,  in  the  absence  of  injury,  is  rare. 
In  catarrh  the  discharge  is  sometimes  whey-like,  some- 
times yellow  and  even  purulent ;  often,  in  both  cases, 
becoming  thin,  clear,  and  water-like.  The  discharge  col- 
lects and  comes  away  every  time  the  lips  of  the  vulva 
open  with  a  sort  of  gush.  In  general  there  is  not  much, 
if  any,  reddening  of  the  inside  of  the  vagina. 

Remedy. — Siphon  or  syringe  the  uterus  and  vagina 
with  tepid  alkaline  solutions,  and  subsequently  with  dilute 


DISEASES   OF  THE   OKGAKS   OF   GE^ERATIOtf.  125 

carbolic  acid  or  zinc  sulphate.  Belladonna  or  iodoform 
in  suppository,  or  injection  where  there  is  excessive  secre- 
tion or  pain.  (See  Fig.  22.)  Copper  or  iron  salts,  tur- 
pentine internally,  especially  in  delicate  subjects  or  in 
obstinate  recurring  cases  associated  with  tuberculosis. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  WOMB  (METRITIS), 

Is  rare  in  the  mare.  It  is  usually  caused  by  foaling, 
and  is  accompanied  by  bloody  discharges.  Other  symp- 
toms resemble  colic  and  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  but 
the  suffering  is  not  so  great.  It  is  common  in  cows  and 
ewes,  and  is  liable  to  spread  by  contagion.  The  inflamT 
mation  sometimes  extends  to  the  peritoneum. 


Fig.  26.    Upper  syringe  for  womb,  &c,  with  screw  for  various  attachments; 
lower  for  h}rpodermic  (under  the  skin)  injections. 

Remedy. — Siphon  or  syringe  uterus  with  tepid  water 
and  antiseptic.  Remove  remnants  of  placenta  (the  after- 
birth) or  blood  clots;  treat  any  wounds  antiseptically. 
Where  walls  of  uterus  are  dilated  or  flaccid,  inject  solu- 
tion of  ergot  and  belladonna  tincture.  Rugs  wrung  out 
of  hot  water  over  loins  and  abdomen,  relieve  spasm  and 
pain.  Sulpho-carbolates,  sulphites,  or  hydronaphthol  in- 
ternally. If  bowels  are  torpid,  half  dose  of  physic,  with 
ginger,  gentian,  and  molasses,  and  promote  effect  by  lax- 
ative injections.  Remove  urine  by  catheter.  Sustain  the 
strength  by  generous  diet,  tonics,  and  stimulants.  Sepa- 
rate from  pregnant  or  suckling  animals.     Disinfect. 


126  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

HYSTERIA 

Is  usually  caused  by  sexual  heat.  Sometimes  it  is  the 
result  of  nervous,  convulsive,  or  spasmodic  affections. 
Breeding  is  perhaps  the  best  remedy  for  sexual  heat. 

Symptoms. — Clenching  jaws,  grinding  teeth,  squint- 
ing; unrelaxing  spasms  alternated  with  relaxing;  kick- 
ing, stamping,  and  other  signs  of  nervous  excitement; 
sometimes  rapid  opening  and  closing  of  vulva,  &c. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  TESTICLES. 

Remedy. — Fomentations,  anodynes,  a  dose  of  physic, 
support  testicle.  Iodine  liniment;  potassium  iodide  in- 
ternally. Tubercular  form  intractable ;  castrate  in  early 
stage.     For  doses,  see  pages  1-3  to  29. 

PROTRUDED  PENIS  (PARAPHYMOSIS), 

Is  sometimes  caused  by  loss  of  power  (paralysis).  In 
the  stallion  there  are  many  other  causes,  such  as  excessive 
copulation,  friction  before  copulation,  by  rubbing  against 
female;  kicks  and  other  injuries;  introduction  into  anus; 
attempt  to  cover  a  ( ringed  mare ; '  irritating  substances 
(medicines)  in  prepuce ;    warts,  &c. 

Remedy. — Amputate  if  necessary. 

Confined  (unprotrudable)  Penis  (phymosis)  is  very 
rare. 

Amputation  of  the  Penis  is  practicable,  and  is  some- 
times resorted  to  as  a  cure  for  warts,  ulcers,  cancer,  pro- 
trusion, &c. 

Cancerous  Tumor  of  the  Vulva  is  recorded.  As  it 
did  not  yield  to  treatment,  but  gradually  enlarged  till  it 
filled  "two-thirds  of  the  vulva,"  the  mare  was  destroyed. 
The  tumor  existed  nearly  three  years. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   ORGANS   OF   GENERATION.  12  T 

Dropsy  of  the  Womb  (Hydrometra),  causes  great 
distention  of  the  belly.  In  a  recorded,  case  the  uterus 
was  filled  with  six  quarts  of  thick,  white  matter,  resem- 
bling healthy  pus. 

Diseases  of  the  Ovaries  usually  consist  of  watery  or 
bloody  tumors,  sometimes  accompanied  by  dropsy.  The 
tumors,  which  sometimes  weigh  as  much  as  30  lbs.,  may 
become  cancerous. 

Abscess  of  the  Scrotum  is  described  by  Percivall. 
The  swelling  filled  one  side  of  the  scrotum  of  a  gelding. 
It  was  opened  and  then  fomented.     Cured. 

Self-Abuse  is  not  very  rare  in  stallions.  The  remedy 
is  a  net  made  for  the  purpose. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    HEART. 


Diseases  of  the  heart  are  best  distinguished  from  pul- 
monary diseases,  with  which  they  are  often  confounded, 
by  auscultation.  The  heart's  beats  may  be  felt,  heard,  and 
counted,  in  either  health  or  disease,  and  can  therefore  be 
contrasted.  The  contrast  between  the  action  of  a  healthy 
and  a  diseased  heart  should  be  carefully  studied.  Apply 
the  flat  of  the  hand  or  the  ear  to  the  left  side,  just  be- 
hind the  elbow.  The  stethoscope  (a  hollow  or  perforated 
piece  of  wood)  may  also  be  used.  In  health  two  succes- 
sive sounds,  followed  by  an  interval  of  silence,  are  heard. 
Exercise  and  agitation  increase  the  heart's  action. 


Fig.  21.     A  horse  with  Heart  Disease. 

Persistent  coldness  of  the  extremities,  swelling  of  the 
legs,  chest,  and  abdomen,  fainting  fits,  dizziness,  languor, 
difficult  breathing,  especially  after  severe  exertion,  are 
more  or  less  constant  symptoms  of  heart  disease. 

Disease  of  the  heart  is  either  the  result  of  functional 
disturbance  or  structural  alteration.  Disease  of  the  heart 
and  its  membranes  may  be  either  acute  or  chronic. 


DISEASES  OP  THE  HEART.  129 

INFLAMMATION    OF   THE    PERICARDIUM 
(PERICARDITIS). 

The  pericardium  is  the  watery,  membranous  bag  that 
contains  the  heart.  Pericarditis  may  be  the  result  of  cold, 
exposure,  or  fatigue,  but  it  is  oftener  the  result  of  rheu- 
matic fever,  strangles,  influenza,  purpura,  blood  contam- 
inations, diseases  of  the  lungs,  pleura,  and  heart  itself, 
cancer,  parasitic  growths,  wounds,  &c. 

The  disease,  says  Percivall,  usually  follows  or  is  secon- 
dary to  pleurisy.  The  effusions  of  water  and  lymph  pe- 
culiar to  pleurisy  are  often  found  within  the  pericardium, 
"  as  though  one  membrane  had  sympathized  with  the 
other."  The  lymph  is  mostly  disposed  in  layers  on  the 
internal  surface  of  the  sac  and  the  exterior  of  the  heart 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  cause  adhesion  between  the  two. 
It  is  of  an  albuminous  character.  In  time,  when  lining 
the  pericardium,  it  becomes  firm,  thin,  and  white.  In  a 
recorded  case  it  was  of  the  nature  of  cartilage,  and  about 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 

The  symptoms  of  pericarditis  are  exceedingly  variable. 
(Robertson.) 

Remedy. — Cautious  bleedi ag,  followed  by  small  doses 
of  aconite,  is  serviceable  in  acute  independent  cases,  but 
is  unsuitable  in  second  stages  or  in  epizootic  attacks. 

Morphine  hypodermically  usually  relieves  acute  pain. 
Woolen  cloths  wrung  out  of  hot  water  to  chest  for  an 
hour  or  two  at  a  time.  Soap  liniment,  l-20th  part  opium 
tincture,  rubbed  in  freely  between  fomentations.  Sodium 
bicarbonate  and  sulphate  in  drinking  water  relieve  fever 
and  maintain  action  of  bowels.  Digitalis  may  be  used 
carefully  when  heart  action  is  feeble  and  rapid.  In  more 
advanced  stage,  and  when  fluid  is  effused,  supporting 
treatment  needful.  Moderate  doses  of  stimulants;  potas- 
sium or  ferrous  iodide,  with  mustard  or  cantharides  to 
chest.     Digitalis  and  strychnine  assist  absorption  of  fluid 


130  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

by  raising  blood  pressure  in  kidney  arteries  and  promoting 
urination. 

Where  dropsy  of  the  pericardium  (hydrops  pericardi), 
persists,  remove  fluid  by  special  trocar.  This  is  sometimes 
described  as  a  distinct  disease. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

PALPITATION  OF  THE  HEART 

Is  usually  tumultuous  and  rapid  action.  Sometimes 
there  is  a  peculiar  sound  and  irregular  heart  and  arterial 
pulsations.  Sometimes  the  heart  action  seems  completely 
confused,  and  sometimes  there  is  intermittency.  The 
palpitation  may  be  continuous  or  only  at  intervals. 

The  causes  of  palpitation  may  be  too  much  blood,  blood 
contamination,  poverty  of  blood,  &c.  Nervous  and  ex- 
citable temperament,  debility,  exhaustion,  and  youth  are 
said  to  be  predisposing  causes. 

Remedy. — Kest,  quiet,  generous  diet.  Iron  tonics  for 
anaemic  murmurs  (a  sound  caused  by  deficiency  of  blood). 
Small  doses  of  aconite  for  violent  action.  Digitalis  for 
weak  and  irregular  action.  Bromides  for  irregular  and 
fluttering  action.  Laxatives  for  digestive  derangement. 
Belladonna  for  strain  or  overexertion.  Strychnine  is  a 
heart  tonic.  (For  a  list  of  heart  and  other  tonics,  see 
page  37.) 

Where  there  is  fainting  or  loss  of  sensation  and  motion, 
dash  cold  water  over  the  head ;  ammonia  to  nostrils.  If 
the  condition  results  from  loss  of  blood,  transfuse  blood 
from  a  healthy  and  vigorous  horse. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

OTHER   HEART   DISEASES. 

There  are  other  heart  diseases,  such  as  inflammation  of 
both  the  membrane  and  substance  of  the  heart  (endocard- 
itis and  carditis) ;  both  enlargement  and  wasting  of  the 
heart;    fatty  changes  in  the  heart;    rupture  of  the  heart, 


RARE   DISEASES   OF  THE    HEART.  131 

and  also  the  pericardium  ;  adventitious  growths  in  connec- 
tion with  the  heart,  such  as  parasitic  and  malignant,  fibroid 
and  vascular  tumors ;  disease  of  the  valves  and  orifices ; 
ossification  (rare);  air  in  the  heart;  enlargement  of  the. 
aorta. 

The   symptoms  of  most  of  these  affections  —  many  of 
which  are  rare — are  puzzling  even  to  veterinarians. 

Where  heart  disease  is   suspected,  avoid  overwork  and 
excitement. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    LIVER. 


Diseases  of  the  liver  are  somewhat  rare  in  horses.  The 
probable  cause  is  simplicity  of  diet.  Hot  climates,  as  in 
man,  seem  to  be  conducive  of  equine  liver  disease.  Liver 
diseases  are  often  insidious.  They  are  sometimes  mistaken 
for  lung  diseases.  Next  to  the  lungs  the  liver  seems  to  be 
the  most  frequent  seat  of  tubercles.  Sometimes  it  is  soft 
or  rotten  and  clay  colored ;  sometimes  hard  and  tough,  the 
color,  however,  being  natural. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE  LIVER  (HEPATITIS), 

Seems  to  be  of  three  kinds  or  degrees — the  cover  or 
membrane,  the  substance  of  the  liver,  or  both.  Percivall 
and  Williams  give  the  following 

Symptoms. — Dull ;  head  heavy;  eyes  drooping  and  lus- 
terless ;  occasional  cough ;  no  appetite ;  apparent  inward 
pain,  but  not  acute ;  stands  up ;  very  feverish ;  in  two 
or  three  days  the  fever  or  diffused  bile  causes  the  mouth 
and  eyes  to  become  yellow,  the  blood  golden-hued  and 
specked  with  yellow,  floating  particles;  dung  balls  im- 
bued with  bile  and  sometimes  coated  with  viscid,  bilious, 
mucous-like,  reddish-brown  matter,  leaving  an  opium-like 
stain  when  rubbed  on  white  paper;  urine  scanty  and 
thick,  with  bilious  tinge  and  copious  sediment;  may  lie 
on  left  side,  but  soon  rises;  right  side  tender,  if  not 
somewhat  swollen ;  when  standing,  points  (rests)  the  off 
(right)  fore  limb ;  pulse  quick,  strong,  bounding ;  breath- 
ing sometimes  disturbed,  sometimes  not;  stupid;  dizzy; 
staggers;    danger  of  apoplexy  or  bursting  of  liver. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   LIVER.  133 

Remedy. — Purgatives,  salines,  ammonia  chloride.  Ac- 
onite for  fever.  Ipecac.  Foment  and  stimulate  over  liver. 
Digestible,  laxative  food.  Exercise  after  relief  of  acute 
symptoms.  Nitro-hydrochloric  acid  in  chronic  cases.  Sa- 
lines and  careful  dietary  safer  than  more  active  remedies 
when  the  inflammation  or  congestion  is  associated  with 
epizootic  or  other  disease.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Congestion  of  the  Liver. — Robertson  describes  three 
kinds — the  passive,  the  active,  and  the  biliary.  These, 
which  may  be  the  result  of  lung  or  heart  disease,  sudden 
chills,  specific  fevers,  blood  contamination,  too  much  or 
improper  food,  lack  of  exercise,  &c,  seem  to  be  preludes 
to  inflammation  of  the  liver. 

Robertson  also  describes  i  Scirrhosis  of  the  Liver/  a 
chronic  or  subacute  inflammation  of  the  interconnective 
liver  tissue ;  i  Fatty  Liver/  '  Albuminoid  or  Lardaceous 
(lard  or  wax)  Liver/  &c. 

Liver  Concretions. — Rigot  found  90  concretions  in 
the  bile  ducts  of  a  liver.  The  cavities  were  enlarged  and 
their  walls  thickened,  but  there  were  no  indications  of 
liver  disease  during  life.  The  same  horse  had  a  salivary 
calculus  (stone). 

Hydatid  Tumors  of  the  Liver  are  rare.  They  are 
bladder-like,  and  vary  in  size  from  a  hazel-nut  to  an  or- 
ange, containing  a  clear  fluid  and  numerous  organisms 
(mites).     They  cause  very  little  if  any  disturbance. 

Rupture  of  the  Liver  is  caused  by  external  violence, 
overdistention  with  blood  or  bile,  &c.     Fatal. 

JAUNDICE  OR  YELLOWS  (ICTERUS). 

Is  a  symptom  of  disease  rather  than  disease  itself.  It 
is  usually  attributed  to  either  deranged  bile  secretion  or 
bile  distribution.     When  the  bile  is  taken  into  the  blood 


134  THE    DISEASES   OF   THE    HORSE. 

instead  of  its  natural  channel — the  alimentary  canal — it 
imparts  a  yellow  tinge  to  the  eyes,  nose,  mouth,  skin, 
urine,  and  sometimes  the  dung.  The  latter  is  sometimes 
clay  colored.  Sometimes  the  bowels  are  deranged  and 
there  is  a  "  defective  movement  of  the  right  fore  limb," 
a  dry,  scurfy,  and  itchy  state  of  the  skin,  loss  of  appe- 
tite, strength,  &c. 

Remedy. — In  ordinary  cases  light,  digestible  food  will 
sometimes  suffice.  A  laxative,  alternated  with  salines, 
clears  away  excess  of  bile,  and  promotes  a  healthy  action 
of  the  liver.  Ammonia  chloride  and  salines  useful  where 
a  case  is  complicated  with  duodenal  catarrh.  (The  duo- 
denum is  the  first  of  the  small  intestines.) 

When  depending  on  suppression  of  bile,  apply  mustard 
or  other  stimulant  over  liver.  Thickened  ox  bile,  in  bo- 
lus, twice  a  day,  with  moderate  doses  of  aromatic  spirit 
of  ammonia  between.  Nitro-hydrochloric  acid,  and  quin- 
ine with  it  when  the  patient  is  weak. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Little  relief  can  be  given  in  jaundice  when  it  is  caused 
by  scirrhosis  or  fatty  degeneration. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    SPLEEN. 


Diseases  of  the  spleen  are  somewhat  rare,  but  some 
of  them,  such  as  moderate  enlargement,  &c,  may  exist  for 
years  without  causing  serious  inconvenience.  The  spleen 
weighs  from  3  to  4  pounds.  When  enlarged  it  sometimes 
weighs  from  1-4  to  20  and  even  50  pounds. 

Percivall  describes  inflammation,  cancer,  and  rupture  of 
the  spleen.  Williams  says  atrophy  (wasting),  thrombosis 
(coagulation  of  blood),  tubercle,  cancer,  hydatids,  and 
ossification  are  found  after  death.  He  also  says  that 
American  horses  suffer  from  an  intermittent  fever  in 
which  the  spleen  becomes  enlarged.  Robertson  describes 
surface  growths  of  the  spleen,  the  same  in  size  as  those 
of  the  liver  (from  hazel-nut  to  orange),  of  grayish-white 
color  and  usually  firm  consistence,  with  an  immense  num- 
ber of  tubercle-bacilli  (mites).  Some  of  these  latter  cases 
cause  much  debility. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    EYES. 


PERIODIC  OPHTHALMIA  (MOON-BLINDNESS), 

Is  a  specific  inflammation  of  most  of  the  structures  of 
the  eye.  Relapses  occur,  lasting  from  2  to  14  days.  It 
is  dangerous,  and  is  liable  to  be  followed  by  a  still  more 
dangerous  disease — cataract.  It  is  hereditary,  but  it  may 
be  caused  by  rheumatic  predisposition  or  blood  contami- 
nation, a  bite  or  blow,  foreign  substances  under  the  lid, 
overwork,  especially  the  young,  filthy  and  badly  ventilated 
stables,  the  eruption  of  the  tushes,  compression  of  the 
roots  of  the  molar  teeth  on  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves,  work- 
ing in  coal-pits  or  other  dark  places,  &c. 


Fig.  28.     First  appearance  of 
°  Periodic  Ophthalmia. 


Fig.  29.     Its  termination. 


Symptoms.— First  or  inflammatory  stage  :  Upper  lid 
droops;  tears  in  superabundance;  lids,  venous  vessels, 
and  conjunctive  membrane  swollen;  the  globe  dull  and 
sunken;  circumference  of  cornea  sometimes  exhibits  a 
broad,  nebulous  circle;  front  chamber,  at  first  usually 
clear,  becomes  so  obscured  that  the  pupil  is  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable;    the  pupil  is  contracted  and  resembles  the 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   EYES.  137 

black  eye  of  a  garden  bean;  cornea,  if  not  already,  soon 
becomes  obscured ;    this  obscures  the  pupil  and  iris. 

Second  stage  :  Gradual  decline  of  inflammation  and 
tardy  clearing  of  the  cornea;  iris  altered  in  color  and 
lusterless;  pupil  contracted  but  less  sensitive  to  light; 
whitish  or  yellowish  lymph  effusions  in  chamber;  these 
and  other  favorable  signs  indicate  recovery,  but  a  relapse 
usually  occurs  in  a  few  days. 

Remedy. — The  periodic  or  specific  form  is  incurable, 
but  it  is  relieved  by  purges,  febrifuges,  anodynes,  bella- 
donna, or  atrophine  locally  and  internally. 

For  simple   inflammation   of  the  eye,  occurring  in  all 


S, '->V-.^v7^^-«f 


Fig.  31.     Tenaculum. 

animals  :  Remove  any  foreign  body,  securing  the  haw,  if 
necessary,  with  a  tenaculum  or  stitch.  Fomentation  with 
tepid  water  and  decoction  of  poppy-heads  abates  irritation, 
whether  depending  on  foreign  body  or  cold.  Half  dose 
physic.  Where  inflammation  severe,  bleed  from  angular 
vein.  Belladonna  and  atrophine,  locally  and  generally, 
diminish  irritation  and  prevent  adhesion  of  iris.  Steam 
head  when  occurring  with  swelled  lids,  as  in  influenza  at- 
tacks.    Shade  the  eye. 


138 


THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 


Silver  nitrate  and  other  astringent  solutions  for  chronic 
cases.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

CATARACT 

Is  opacity  of  the  lens  or  its  capsule.  Percivall  says  it 
may  also  be  the  result  of  an  effusion  of  an  opaque  fluid 
between  the  two.  The  opacity  may  be  the  result  of  in- 
jury or  disease. 

Cataract  is  a  common  cause  of  either  total  or  partial 
blindness.  It  usually  follows  ophthalmia,  but  ophthalmia 
may  attack  a  cataractous  eye.  Cataracts  are  White,  black, 
green,  yellow,  brown,  ash-colored,  &c.  At  first  they  are 
soft,  but  they  acquire  firmness  by  age.     Some  are  called 


Fig.  32.     Partial  Cataract. 


Fig.  33.     Complete  Cataract. 


bony  cataracts.  They  vary  in  size  from  a  pin's  point  to 
a  pea. 

Percivall  speaks  of  both  spontaneous  and  congenital 
cataracts;  D'Arboval  of  a  fluid  cataract,  which,  from  its 
whiteness,  is  called  milky;  Gibson  of  colts  being  foaled 
with  cataracts  or  pearls  in  their  eyes. 

Lenticular  cataracts  grow  slowly— 1,  2,  or  more  years. 
The  other  kinds  may  appear  in  a  few  days,  or  even  hours, 
and  without  any  detectible  inflammation  or  previous  dis, 
ease.  Capsular  cataract  is  caused  usually  perhaps  by  ex, 
ternal  injury.  It  is  easily  distinguished,  and  seems  to  be 
absorbable, 


GLASS-EYE,    ETC.  139 

In  cataract  with  ophthalmia  the  iris  frequently  becomes 
contracted  and  adheres  to  the  capsule  of  the  lens,  thus 
causing  a  permanently  small  pupil. 

Remedy. — Extraction  by  operation.  Belladonna  or  at- 
rophine  dilate  the  pupil  for  diagnosis  (distinguishment), 
alternated  with  physostygmine  for  obtaining  free  move- 
ment of  iris.  Phosphoreted  oil,  instilled  into  human  eye, 
if  borne,  leads  to  final  absorption. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Green  Cataract  (Glaucoma),  is  opacity  of  the  vitre- 
ous humor  (glass-like  fluid)  of  the  eye.  Incurable.  Cut- 
ting out  (iridectomy)  affords  relief.  Physostygmine  dimin- 
ishes intraocular  pressure  (pressure  within  the  eye). 

AMAUROSIS  OR  GUTTA  SERENA  (GLASS- 
EYE), 

Is  caused  by  paralysis  of  the  optic  nerve  and  retina. 
There  may  be  many  causes  of  the  paralysis,  such  as  dis- 
eases of  remote  as  well  as  contiguous  parts,  excessive  bleed- 
ing, narcotic  poisons,  drinking  too  much  cold  water  when 
heated,  pressure  from  a  tumor,  &c.  There  is  no  visible 
defect  in  the  eye — nothing  abnormal  except  its  great  bril- 
liancy, from  which  it  takes  its  name. 

Symptoms,, — Head  and  ears  erect,  the  latter  set  in 
motion  to  learn  the  cause  of  any  alarming  noise;  lofty 
step;  eyes  insensible  to  light;  pupils  usually  fixed  and 
widely  dilated ;  sometimes  there  is  a  sluggish  motion  and 
only  moderate  dilatation,  &c. 

Remedy0 — Except  when  depending  on  brain  disorder 
or  debility,  it  is  incurable.  Blisters;  setons  around  or- 
bit. Strychnine  in  traumatic  (wound)  cases  5  also  those 
of  nerve  wasting,  but  unsuitable  where  there  are  brain 
symptoms.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 


140 


THE    DISEASES    OF   THE    HORSE. 


WORM   IN  THE  EYE 

Is  rare  in  this  country,  but  is  common  in  India.  It  is 
like  "an  eel  in  a  basin  of  water,"  but  is  not  always  in 
sight,  for  it  may  hide  behind  the  iris.  Dr.  Gibbs  (of 
India)  has  seen  two  worms  in  an  eye  at  once.  He  has 
also  seen  a  second  worm  appear  months  after  the  removal 
of  the  first.  They  are  peculiar  to  cold  weather  and  wet 
seasons.  Similar  worms  are  found  in  the  stomach  and 
intestines.  They  probably  reach  the  eyes  through  the 
blood.  If  no  operation  is  performed,  blindness  may  result. 
But  the  worm  may  die  and  become  absorbed. 


2E 


Fig.  34.    Trocars.    An  operation  for  "Worm  in  the  Eye  would  require  a 
special  trocar. 


The  only  remedy  of  course  is  to  trocar  or  lance  the  eye, 
an  operation  the  skillful  surgeon  only  can  perform. 

"WATERY  EYES" 

Are  uncommon.  The  real  cause  of  the  overflow  of  tears 
is  obstruction  of  the  tear  canals,  which  run  from  the  eyes 
to  the  nostrils ;  but  superabundant  secretion  of  tears  may 
sometimes  occur  perhaps.  It  seems  to  be  analogous  to 
stricture  of  the  urethra  in  man.    The  canal  is  not  uni- 


THE  DISEASES  OE  THE   EYES.  141 

form  in  size,  diminishing  at  first,  then  enlarging,  besides 
which  it  is  tortuous  near  its  center. 

Remedy. — Syringe  from  above,  and  below  also,  if  nec- 
essary.    If  this  fails,  probe. 

ENLARGEMENT   OF   THE    LACHRYMAL 
CARUNCLE. 

The  lachrymal  caruncle  is  a  small,  reddish,  follicular 
body,  situate  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  eye.  It  is  harm- 
less when  small.  Its  removal  is  sometimes  followed  by 
more  or  less  inflammation  and  sometimes  "watery  eyes." 
Percivall  removed  one  as  large  as  a  marble  by  ligature, 
tightening  the  cord  on  the  second,  fourth,  and  sixth  days, 
when  the  excrescence  (for  such  it  had  become)  fell  off. 
The  operation  caused  great  local  disturbance,  but  it  did 
not  show  itself  till  twelve  days  afterward.  Bathing  the 
eye,  purging,  and  salivation  with  calomel  followed.  Re- 
covered. 

TUMORS  AND  FUNGUS  OF  THE  ORBIT. 

Percivall  operated  successfully  on  an  exostosis  (bony 
tumor)  of  the  orbital  arch,  which  had  grown  to  the  size 
of  a  horse-chestnut.  It  half  eclipsed  and  pressed  upon 
the  eye.  Doctor  Perry  treated  a  3-days-old  foal  that  was 
said  "to  have  no  eyes."  He  found  a  fungus  within  the 
orbit  of  the  near  side  about  the  size  of  a  pistol-ball,  with- 
out any  organic  structure.  That  of  the  other  orbit  was 
of  similar  appearance,  but  somewhat  larger,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  the  haw. 

All  tumors  interfering  with  the  sight  or  the  movements 
of  the  eye  should  be  removed. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    TEETH,     MOUTH, 
LIPS,    ETC. 


DECAY  OR  CARIES  OF  THE  TEETH 

Is  rare,  especially  in  young  horses.  The  back  teeth  or 
molars  suffer  more  than  the  front  teeth  (incisors).  They 
are  sometimes  broken  by  stones  or  other  hard  substances 
in  the  food.  A  severe  blow  over  their  roots  sometimes 
causes  caries  and  the  ultimate  loss  of  the  tooth.  It  is 
possible  to  stop  decay,  especially  of  the  front  teeth,  by 
filling. 

Care  of  the  teeth  is  a  matter  of  great  importance.  Mas- 
tication of  the  food  is  indispensable  to  digestion,  and  di- 
gestion to  health.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  horses'  teeth 
(except  the  tushes,  which  are  practically  useless),  grow 
throughout  life — the  growth  counteracting  the  wear  and 
the  wear  the  growth — sharp  and  dangerous  projections 
sometimes  cause  lacerations.  When  the  teeth  meet  in 
perfect  apposition— grinding  surface  to  grinding  surface — 
the  wear  is  regular ;  when  they  do  not,  the  unworn  parts 
will  soon  project.  When  they  cause  laceration  of  the  cheek 
or  tongue,  file  them,  but  do  not  interfere  with  the  natural 
slant  of  the  tables  (crown  or  grinding  surfaces).  The 
natural  slant  must  be  preserved,  or  mastication  cannot  be 
properly  performed.  The  molar  teeth  of  the  horse  are  in 
this  respect  the  reverse  of  human  teeth. 

Supernumerary  teeth  and  dental  cysts  require  surgical 
skill.  The  so-called  wolf  teeth  (really  remnant  teeth,  for 
they  are  the  remains  of  what  were  once  functionally  de- 
veloped teeth),  that  appear  in   front   of  the   first   upper 


DISORDERS   OF  THE  TEETH. 


143 


molars,  sometimes  cause  more  or  less  trouble.  It  is  bet- 
ter to  extract  them,  which  any  one  can  do  with  ordinary 
forceps. 


Fig.  35.     Abnormal  growth  begins  at  dotted  line. 

Figure  35  represents  a  back  molar  tooth  which,  on  ac- 
count of  the  loss  of  the  opposite  tooth,  grew  till  it  killed 
the  horse. 

PARROT-MOUTH 

Consists  in  the  upper  front  teeth — from  irregularity  and 
overgrowth — projecting   in   front   of  the  lower,   like   the 


144 


THE   DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 


upper  bill  of  the  parrot.  The  lower  incisors  are  liable, 
also  from  overgrowth,  to  injure  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
Grazing  is  difficult  and  sometimes  almost  impracticable ; 
but  the  animal  may  be  fed  from  the  manger.  The  rem- 
edy is  usually  only  palliative.    Forceps,  files,  and  surgical 


■Mill 

iiiBSPi 
iiiIifSjB 

ml 


»1SS= 


mmm 

Br 


mia&r 


Fig.  36.     Parrot-Mouth ;    teeth  grown  ten  lines  too  long. 

skill  are  required,  not  only  for  parrot-mouth,  but  for  many 
other  irregularities  of  the  teeth,  molars  as  well  as  incisors. 

CRIB-BITING 

Is  doubly  injurious  to  the  horse.  It  wears  and  some- 
times breaks  its  teeth  and  gives  it  the  colic — crib-biters* 
cojk; — which  is  caused  by  the  sucking  in  of  air.  Fur- 
ther, loss  of  saliva  impairs  digestion.  The  vice  is  a  spe- 
cies of  unsoundness.  Breaking  the  front  teeth  interferes 
with  grazing. 

Remedy. — Iron  stable  fittings.  Manger,  when  not  in 
use,  turned  into  recess  in  wall.  Use  muzzle  or  spiked 
neck-strap.  Concentrated,  digestible  food.  Chalk,  ant- 
acids, and  an  occasional  laxative  relieve  the  indigestion 
from  which  crib-biters  usually  suffer.  Separate  crib-biters 
from  other  horses,  as  they  imitate  and  acquire  the  habit. 
For  a  list  of  antacids,  see  page  31. 


DENTAL  INSTRUMENTS. 
PLATE    I. 


145 


DENTAL   INSTRUMENTS. 


14? 


DEXTAL   INSTRUMENTS. 


149 


DENTAL   INSTRUMENTS. 


151 


PLATE    IV. 

26  27 


28 


29 


,Kt-<HOtV.S   6.V>. 


NAMES   OF   THE   INSTRUMENTS. 

1,  2,  Adjustable  Tooth  Files.  3,  Going's  Tooth  Chisel.  4,  French  model 
of  same.  5,  Tooth  Mallet.  6,  French  model  Tooth  Saw.  7,  Narrow  Tooth 
Chisel.  8,  Narrow  Tooth  Gouge.  9,  Tooth  Rasp,  guarded.  10, 'Extra 
blade  for  Adjustable  File.  11,  Heavy  Forceps.  12,  Going's  Forceps. 
13,  House's  Cutting  Forceps.  14,  House's  Pulling  Forceps.  15,  Wolf 
Tootli  Forceps.  16,  Wide  Chisel.  17,  Cutting  Forceps,  French  model.  18, 
Holler's  Cutting  Forceps.  19,  Cutting  Forceps,  French  model.  20,  21,  22, 
23,  House's  Cutting  Forceps.  24,  Narrow  Gouge.  25,  Bow  Tooth  Saw. 
26,  Key.  27.  Plain  Tooth  Saw.  28,  Chain  Tooth  Saw.  29,  Fine  ferruled 
Tooth  Saw.  30,  Narrow  Tooth  Chisel.  31,  Hurlburt's  Gum  Knife  and 
Tooth  Pick. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  MOUTH,    ETC.  153 

LAMPAS 

Is  congestion,  fever  and  swelling  of  the  gums  and  bars 
of  the  mouth.  It  is  peculiar  to  the  young,  but  occurs 
sometimes  in  the  aged  also.  The  eruption  of  the  teeth, 
especially  the  tushes,  is  probably  the  chief  cause  in  the 
case  of  the  young,  and  their  continuous  growth  through- 
out life  the  chief  cause  in  that  of  the  old.  Direct  irri- 
tation, bits,  the  action  of  certain  foods,  and  gastric  dis- 
order are  also  causes. 

The  remedy  is  lancing  the  gums  and  bars.  Let  the 
blood  out.  Burning  is  not  only  useless  but  barbarous. 
Soft  or  green  food  and  astringent  wash  if  necessary. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE   MOUTH  (STOMA- 
TITIS), 

Is  simple  or  catarrhal,  vesicular,  pustular,  and  ulcera- 
tive. It  is  peculiar  to  the  young,  and  is  attributed  to 
defective  sanitary  conditions,  improper  diet,  and  the  effect 
of  wasting  diseases. 

A  contagious  pustular  form  of  the  disease  occurred  in 
Berlin,  Prussia,  in  1876. 

Remedy. — Careful  feeding,  laxatives,  salines  for  gastric 
disorder.  In  sucking  foals  and  calves,  besides  local  treat- 
ment, see  that  the  mother's  milk  is  healthy  and  that  she 
is  properly  fed.  Potassium  chlorate  or  borax  and  glycer- 
ine solution.  Dress  ulcers  with  glycerite  of  tanniu,  or 
paint  with  silver  nitrate,  10  grains  to  ounce  of  water. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE  TONGUE  (GLOS- 
SITIS), 

Is  rare. 

Remedy. — Irrigate  with  mild  astringent  solutions.  Ap- 
ply bismuth,  oxymel,  molasses,  or  vinegar.  Soft,  nutritive 
food.     Scarify  if  the   swelling  is  extensive.     If  laxatives 


154  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

cannot  be  given  per  mouth,  inject.    For  doses,  see  pages 
13  to  29. 

Tumor  of  the  Lip,  usually  the  lower,  causes  more  or 
less  swelling.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  has 
a  firm  feel,  is  hot,  and  gives  pain  when  pressed.  Its  or- 
igin may,  as  a  rule,  be  spontaneous,  but  it  has  been 
known  to  arise  from  a  bite  or  a  sting.  It  usually  bursts 
internally  in  two  or  three  days,  discharging  pus.  Cleanse 
and  inject  with  a  solution  of  alum  or  borax  daily. 

Tumor  of  the  Face  is  peculiar  to  young  horses  and 
usually  appears  on  the  side,  between  the  eye  and  the  an- 
gle of  the  mouth.  Like  other  exostoses,  they  grow  from 
the  bone ;  are  round,  broad  at  their  bases,  with  little  heat 
and  very  little  tenderness.  They  may  be  caused  by  blows, 
and  perhaps  also  by  caries  (bone  rot).  They  do  no  great 
harm  unless  they  become  fistulous ;  but  they  greatly  dis- 
figure the  face. 

Salivary  Calculi  (stone-like  concretions),  are  sometimes 
found  in  the  salivary  glands,  usually  within  their  canals, 
the  parotid  duct  (canal),  &c.  An  oat  or  other  substance 
penetrates  the  canal,  or  possibly  pierces  the  cheek.  It  is 
the  nucleus  for  a  stone-like  or  tartar-like  concretion.  Its 
growth  is  slow.  Sometimes  it  is  superficial  in  depth,  when 
it  can  be  seen  or  felt ;  but  sometimes  it  is  deep.  Some- 
times it  lacerates  the  membrane  of  the  mouth,  grating 
against  the  teeth.  It  will  usually  more  or  less  obstruct 
the  flow  of  saliva.     Sometimes  it  causes  swelling. 

Stricture  of  the  Esophagus  ((Esophagus)  is  rare  and 
usually  fatal.  The  tube  (throat)  sometimes  becomes  so 
contracted  at  the  part  affected  that  it  will  not  admit  the 
little  finger.  As  the  horse  cannot  swallow  solid  food,  death 
results  from  starvation. 

Dr.  Cheetham  treated   a  case   successiully  by  opening 


DISORDERS   OF  THE   THROAT.  155 

the  tube  and  passing  probangs.  The  first,  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  diameter,  was  followed  by  larger  ones,  which  were 
passed  two  or  three  times  a  day  for  ten  days.  Afterward 
the  owner  of  the  animal  passed  the  probang  occasionally 
himself.  The  stricture  was  seated  at  the  point  where  the 
tube  enters  the  chest.  A  sac  or  pouch  three  or  four  inches 
in  diameter  had  formed  near  the  stricture,  and  had  acted 
as  a  receptacle  for  food. 

Rupture  of  the  Esophagus. — Dr.  Cartwright  reports 
a  case  of  rupture  eight  inches  long  that  "  had  evidently 
been  made  with  some  sharp  or  rough  instrument."  The 
mare  died  in  eight  days.  A  sheep's  probang  stopped  at 
one-third  of  the  neck. 

Opening  the  Esophagus. — The  esophagus  lies  near 
but  is  deeper  than,  and,  toward  its  center,  somewhat  to 
the  left  of  the  windpipe.  The  incision  must  be  made 
carefully  on  account  of  the  proximity  of  the  jugular  veins, 
carotid  arteries,  &c.  If  the  nature  of  the  case  will  per- 
mit, open  the  left  side  of  the  neck,  three  inches  longi- 
tudinally below  its  upper  third,  or  near  or  at  its  center. 
An  assistant  should  press  on  the  jugular.  Near  the  wind- 
pipe will  be  found  "  a  firm,  cordiform,  shining,  red  sub- 
stance." This  is  the  esophagus.  Draw  it  outward  with 
a  blunt  hook,  and  make  a  longitudinal  incision.  Use  a 
tube  if  the  case  requires  it.  When  through,  stitch  the 
esophagus  with  silk  and  close  the  external  wound  with 
pins.  Apply  a  compress.  Give  liquid  or  soft  food  till 
the  wound  heals. 

Choking  is  usually  the  result  of  improper  mastication 
and  greediness.  Whole  grains  of  corn,  a  small  potato, 
large  pieces  of  turnip,  egg  shells,  a  hard  ball  of  food — 
even  of  grass — will  sometimes  lodge  in  the  throat.  Some- 
times a  draft  of  water  or  the  hand  will  clear  the  passage, 


156  THE   DISEASES   OE  THE   HORSE. 

but  a  probang  is  usually  necessary.  A  cane,  flexible  if 
to  be  had,  a  whalebone,  the  butt  end  of  a  whip,  or  any 
similar  instrument  will  answer  the  purpose. 


Fig.  31.     The  Probang. 

Dr.  Holmes  saved  a  horse  from  choking  by  opening  the 
esophagus  and  removing  the  obstruction.  Dr.  King  saved 
another  by  cutting  down  to  the  esophagus  only.  Finding 
the  obstruction,  a  ball  of  medicine,  pliable,  he  manipulated 
it.     It  was  then  washed  down  with  water. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    SKIN, 


Diseases  of  the  skin,  though  common,  are  of  less  im- 
portance relatively  than  many  other  diseases ;  but  they 
are  .deserving  of  careful  attention  notAvithstanding  this 
fact.  Inability  to  perform  work,  not  to  mention  disfig- 
urement, alone  renders  the  subject  worthy  of  study.  It 
is  noteworthy  that  a  remedy  that  benefits  one  skin  dis- 
ease will  benefit  others  more  or  less.  The  diseases  may 
be  caused  by  agencies  from  without  as  well  as  from  with- 
in, both  of  which  must  be  considered  in  the  treatment. 

Two  liniments  suitable  for  persistent  skin  diseases,  en- 
larged glands,  and  chronic  indurations  (hardened  parts) 
are  as  follows  : 

1.  Mercurial  ointment,  2  ounces;  camphor,  1  dram; 
oil  of  tar,  3  ounces;    linseed  oil,  4  ounces. 

2.  Mercurial  ointment,  2  ounces ;  creosote,  1  dram ; 
liquor  ammoniae,  2  ounces;    linseed  oil,  6  ounces. 

ERYTHEMA  (Red,  Rose-Colored), 

Is  a  superficial  inflammation  of  the  skin,  usually  oc- 
curring in  patches  more  or  less  extensive,  with  sometimes 
a  certain  amount  of  effusion  into  the  deeper  layers.  It 
is  non-contagious,  independent  or  symptomatic,  active  or 
passive. 

There  are  several .  forms  of  the  disease — among  them 
mud  fever — the  mildest  of  which  are  troublesome.  It 
often  results  from  injury.  The  patches  are  slightly  ele- 
vated, sometimes  with  well-defined  margins,  at  others 
gradually  shading  off  into  the  healthy  skin.  There  is 
more  or  less  exudation,  scaling,  and  itching. 


158 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 


Remedy. — Laxatives,  especially  in  gastro-intestinal  irri- 
tation. Salines  in  drinking  water,  such  as  Epsom  salt. 
Bicarbonate  of  potash  and  glycerine,  or  glycerine  and 
water.  When  the  chafing  is  severe,  a  solution  of  tannic 
acid  with  glycerine;  or  an  ointment  of  tannic  acid  and 
opium;  or  paint  with  a  weak  solution  of  nitrate  of  sil- 
ver 1  part  to  12  of  water;  or  dust  with  flour.  Blisters, 
diuretics,  and  arsenic  and  quinine  internally  if  necessary. 

For  doses,  see  j>ages  13  to  29. 

Horses  liable  to  mud  fever  should  not  have  the  hair  of 
the  leg  removed,  nor  should  the  legs  be  washed. 

NETTLE-RASH  OR  SURFEIT  (URTICARIA), 

Consists  of  irregularly  distributed  patches  of  nettle-sting- 
like eruptions;,  soft,  but  possessing  moderate  resistance  to 
the  touch.     The  patches  usually  appear  and  disappear  with 


Fig.  38.     Nettle-Rash  or  Surfeit. 


equal  rapidity,  sometimes  in  a  few  hours.  In  some  cases, 
however,  they  persist  for  a  week.  One  crop  may  follow 
another.  There  is  little  scaling,  but  more  or  less  itching. 
Sometimes  the   coat   remains   slightly   open   for  a  while. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   SKI^.  159 

The  horse  is  often  languid  and  moderately  feverish.  In 
a  few  cases  the  bowels  and  kidneys  are  affected.  When 
the  patches  appear  around  the  eyes  and  throat  they  dis- 
figure the  horse  and  threaten  serious  results. 

The  disease  usually  appears  in  the  spring,  and  is  usu- 
ally caused  by  high  feeding  and  little  work.  Percivall 
says  the  eruptions  may  attack  the  air  passages. 

Remedy. — Wash:  Bichloride  of  mercury,  12  grains; 
dilute  hydrocyanic  acid,  4  drams;  glycerine  or  almond 
mixture,  2  ounces;  water,  10  ounces.  A  laxative  and 
attention  to  diet.  Salines,  antiseptics,  and  tonics  are  ser- 
viceable in  debilitated  subjects. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

LICHEN  (Pimples)  AND  PRURIGO  (Itching), 

Are  described  by  Robertson  as  different  forms  of  skin 
papulation  (pimples).  Both  are  chronic  rather  than  acute. 
In  lichen  the  pimples  are  relatively  larger  in  the  horse 
than  in  man.  By  abrasion  there  may  be  much  exudation 
and  crusting  in  both  lichen  and  prurigo.  In  lichen  the 
pimples  do  not  suppurate,  but  they  shed  bran-like  scales. 
In  prurigo  they  are  more  varied  in  size  and  are  further 
apart.  The  skin  is  hard,  dry,  and  wrinkled.  There  are 
collections  of  pus  beneath  the  crusts,  great  shedding  of 
scales,  itching,  and  sometimes  swelling  of  the  lymphatic 
glands,  with  constitutional  disturbance.  Parasites  are 
sometimes  present. 

The  causes  of  these  diseases  seem  to  be  more  general 
or  constitutional  than  local.  Malassimilation  and  defec- 
tive nutrition  seem  to  be  important  factors.  Heredity  is 
probable. 

Remedy. — If  the  animal  is  weak,  good  food,  fresh  air, 
tonics.  If  strong,  gentle  purge,  moderate  but  daily  doses 
of  salines,  such  as  sulphate  of  soda  or  magnesia.  For 
severe  itching  2  or  3  applications  of  the  following  mix- 
ture :   Nitrate  of  silver,  2  grains;    cyanide  of  potassium,  3 


160  THE  DISEASES  OE  THE  HORSE. 

grains;    water   1    ounce.      Sulphur   iodide   and  wood   tar 
oils  are  alternated  night  and  morning  when  the  skin  in 
chronic  cases  is  much  thickened. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ECZEMA  (CUTANEOUS  CATARRH), 

Of  which  there  are  four  varieties,  seems  to  be  an  inflam- 
mation of  the  superficial  layers  of  the  skin,  accompanied 
by  pimples,  vesicles,  or  pustules,  itching,  and  sometimes 
scales  and  partial  baldness.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest 
skin  diseases,  and  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with  other 
diseases  of  its  class,  especially  itch  and  erysipelas.  It  is 
exudative  or  moist,  and  is  caused  apparently  by  anything 
that  disturbs  the  healthy  action  of  the  skin.  It  is  the 
result  sometimes  perhaps  of  nerve  paralysis.  It  is  dis- 
posed to  appear  in  successive  crops,  and  is  usually  inde- 
pendent. It  is  most  frequent  over  the  neck,  trunk,  quar- 
ters and  around  some  of  the  orifices.  The  eruptive  dis- 
charges, sometimes  sero-purulent,  are  disposed  to  collect 
in  crusts,  which,  if  rubbed,  aggravate  and  prolong  the 
disease. 

Remedy, — Simple  form  :  Laxative,  cooling  diet.  Pre- 
vent biting  and  rubbing.  Clip  long  hair.  As  vesicles 
dry,  apply  zinc  oxide  and  kaolin,  alternated  with  tar  oil. 
Where  discharges  are  profuse  and  skin  puffy,  apply  as- 
tringents dry ;  zinc  oxide,  mixed  with  6  or  8  parts  kaolin 
or  starch,  or  dust  surfaces  with  bismuth  ternitrate. 

More  inflammatory  and  moist  form  :  Cleanse  with  soap 
and  water.  Soak  repeatedly  with  mercurous  oxide  wash, 
and  dress  with  zinc  oxide  ointment.  Lead  acetate  with 
glycerine  and  water  for  the  inflammatory  weeping  stages. 
Stronger  lead  lotions,  with  chloroform  or  laudanum,  or 
both,  for  dry,  itching  surfaces.  Where  spots  are  limited, 
paint  with  2  grains  silver  nitrate  to  ounce  of  water,  or 
water  and  glycerine.  Laxatives,  salines,  cooling  diet  for 
hot  skin  and  fever. 


SKIH   DISEASES.  161 

Pus  form  :  Mercurous  oxide  wash.  Zinc  or  lead  ace- 
tate solutions,  watery  or  oleaginous.  Occasional  dressing 
with  eucalyptol  or  thymol  abate  suppuration  and  itching. 
Opium  and  belladonna  tinctures  with  astringents  for  irri- 
tation and  pain.  Attend  to  bowels  and  kidneys.  Mineral 
acids  and  tonics  internally.     Digestible,  nutritive  diet. 

Scales  form  :  Soak  crusts  with  oil  till  loose ;  remove. 
Stimulate  skin  with  a  dressing  of  1  part  oleum  picis ;  4 
parts  potassium  carbonate  and  sublimed  sulphur,  and  30 
each  of  lard  and  olive  oil.  Leave  on  2  or  3  days.  Wash 
off  with  soap  and  warm  water.  Wood  tar  oil  or  sulphur 
iodide  locally.  Continue  acid  and  tonic  treatment,  and 
give  arsenic.  Hydrocyanic  acid,  potassium  cyanide,  ben- 
zoin, chloral,  chloroform,  camphor,  or  cocaine  relieve  the 
itching  in  all  stages.  A  blister  sometimes  reestablishes 
healthy  action  in  chronic  cases. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

Sublimed  sulphur  (flowers  of  sulphur)  is  prepared  by 
distilling  the  crude  sulphur  and  conducting  it  in  the  state 
of  vapor  into  large  chambers,  where  it  condenses  in  a  fine, 
spherically  granulated,  yellow  powder. 

HERPES  (Creeping,  Spreading), 

Is  usually  of  two  kinds.  The  first,  peculiar  to  sucking 
foals,  is  composed  of  vesicles  somewhat  larger  than  those 
of  eczema,  and  is  found  in  irregular  patches  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  skin  with  mucous  membranes.  The  second, 
peculiar  to  adult  life,  is  composed  of  pimples,  vesicles,  or 
pustules  irregularly  distributed  over  the  body  in  circular 
patches,  the  hair  of  which  soon  falls  off,  exposing  the 
eruptions  and  a  slightly  scaly  skin.  There  is  probably  a 
parasitic  form. 

The  eruptions  do  not  often  break,  their  contents  being 
either  absorbed  or  dried.  For  the  first  week  they  are 
disposed  to  spread,  the  hair  around  the  margins  appear- 
ing to  die  for  want  of  nutrition,  but  reappearing  when 


102  TitS  DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

the  scaling  process  is  completed,  usually  in  two  or  three 
weeks.  There  is  little  itching  and  rarely  any  noticeable 
constitutional  disturbance.  The  disease  is  thought  to  be 
caused  by  nerve  paralysis.     It  is  probably  not  contagious. 

Remedy. — Alkaline  wash,  after  which  rub  in  vaselin. 
Boro-glycerine  with  a  drop  of  hydrocyanic  acid  for  itch- 
ing. Half  doses  of  physic  or  salines  remove  the  gastric 
derangement  on  which  most  cases  depend.  In  foals  see 
to  the  health  of  the  mother  and  state  of  milk. 

The  spreading  variety,  persisting  often  for  weeks,  prob- 


Fig.  39.     Vesicles  funning.  Fig.  40.   Appearance  after  Vesicles 

have  burst  or  evaporated. 

ably  caused  by  a  parasite,  is  treated  by  dilute  solution  of 
iodine  or  other  antiseptic.  Pustular  variety  treated  by 
half  doses  of  physic,  dressed  with  zinc  oxide  or  boric 
acid.  Itching  abated  by  menthol.  Growth  of  hair  pro- 
moted by  mild  cantharides  or  other  stimulant. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ECTHYMA  (Boil-Like  Eruptions), 

Is  peculiar  to  American  horses.  It  affects  the  deep 
layers  of  the  skin,  appearing  mostly  over  the  back  and 
quarters  where  the  harness  rubs.  The  pustules,  which 
have  firm  but  much  inflamed  bases,  mature  in  about  a 
week,  are  moderately  large,  round,  distinct,  separate,  and 
have  well-marked  points.  The  disease,  which  differs  from 
true  boil  in  that  it  does  not  have  a  core,  is  distinctively 
pustular,  but  some  of  the  eruptions  may  at  first  discharge 


SKIN   DISEASES,  163 

a  straw-colored,  sticky  fluid.  Most  of  the  pustules  emerge 
the  first  week ;  a  few  come  later.  They  have  dark-col- 
ored, somewhat  persistent  scabs,  and  when  healed  leave  a 
temporarily  indented  scar. 


Fig.  41.     Ecthyma. 

The  disease  is  probably  caused  by  disturbed  nutrition 
and  particular  as  well  as  general  debility.  The  parasites 
sometimes  found  in  the  running  pustules  are  probably  ac- 
cidental deposits  from  the  air. 

Remedy. — Laxative  salines  relieve  gastro-intestinal  or 
other  irritants.  Exercise  further  hastens  the  removal  of 
waste  products.  Digestible,  rather  laxative  diet.  A  mild 
dose  of  aloes  may  be  followed  by  2  or  3  drams  of  sulphate 
of  soda  or  magnesia,  2  or  3  times  a  day  in  drinking  wa- 
ter; also,  with  the  salines  or  separately,  2  to  4  fluid 
drams  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid. 

Mineral  acids,  iron  salts,  bitters,  arsenic,  act  as  anti- 
septics and  alteratives.  Pustules  treated  by  water  dress- 
ing, boric  acid,  zinc  oxide  ointment.  Isolate  and  disin- 
fect, as  the  disease  is  sometimes  contagious. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

PSORIASIS  (Scaly  Inflammation), 

Has  two  forms,  the  local  and  the  general.  The  latter 
is  distinct,  and  is  usually  associated  with  considerable  con- 
stitutional disturbance.  Both  forms,  in  fact,  are  so  dis- 
tinct that  they  are  not  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  others. 


164  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HOUSE. 

Although  purely  a  skin  disease,  horses  of  sluggish  habits 
and  lymphatic  temperaments  are  more  liable  to  it  than 
others,  and  it  may  be  hereditary.  It  occurs  chiefly  about 
the  flexures  or  joints,  especially  the  carpal  and  tarsal, 
causing  lameness,  mallenders  of  the  fore  leg  and  sallend- 
ers  of  the  hind.  It  also  occurs  over  the  tail  and  the  neck, 
near  the  mane.  It  is  disposed  to  spread,  but  not  rapidly. 
The  dry,  light-colored  scales  are  usually  deepest  in  the 
center  of  the  patches.  The  patches  vary  much  in  size. 
There  is  some  itching,  and  sometimes,  in  chronic  cases, 
cracks  and  suppuration  also.  The  disease  is  aggravated 
by  dirt,  moisture,  sudden  atmospheric  changes,  and  in- 
appropriate food. 

Remedy. — Mild  purgatives.  Soak  scales  in  a  solution 
of  soda  or  potassium  carbonate,  followed  by  a  coat  of 
iodine.  Oil  of  mercury,  weak  ointments  of  biniodide  of 
mercury  or  chrysophanic  acid  are  useful.  Wood  tar  oils 
and  oil  of  cade  alternated  with  the  foregoing  in  chronic 
cases.  Alkalies,  sulphites,  phosphorus,  arsenic  internally. 
A  triple  compound  of  arsenic,  iodine,  and  mercury  is 
given  by  Professor  Williams.  Green  and  oleaginous  food, 
with  a  liberal  supply  of  linseed  in  it.     Occasional  diuretic. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ELEPHANTIASIS  (CHRONIC  WEED,  DERMAL 
AND  SUBDERMAL  HYPERTROPHY), 

A  thick,  dark,  wrinkled,  tuberculate,  insensible  condi- 
tion of  the  skin,  is  caused  by  excess  of  skin  development. 
It  usually  involves  the  larger  part  of  an  entire  limb,  and 
is  frequently  the  result  of  repeated  attacks  of  inflammation 
of  the  lymphatic  vessels  of  that  limb,  growing  worse  with 
each  attack.  It  may  follow  one  attack  of  lymphangitis 
(inflammation  of  the  lymphatic  glands).  It  is  dry,  leather- 
like, sometimes  scaly,  falls  into  folds,  and  in  chronic  cases 
may  crack  and  suppurate.  It  causes  much  alteration  of 
the  limb,  deformity,  and  impairment  of  motion.     As  the 


SKI!S   DISEASES.  165 

skin  increases  in   thickness,  the   adjacent  muscular  parts 
show  waste. 


Fig.  42.     Elephantiasis. 

Remedy. — Usually  only  palliative.  Laxatives,  diuret- 
ics, salines,  tonics — vegetable  and  mineral.  Iodine,  pot- 
assium iodide  internally  assist  absorption.  Mercurial  or 
iodine  ointment.  Iron,  copper  salts,  arsenic  for  debilita- 
ted.    For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

PRURITUS  (Itching,  Nerve  Disturbance,  Perverted 
Sensibility), 

Is  local  or  general,  the  latter  form  being  caused  prob- 
ably by  some  general  disturbance.  It  is  sometimes  caused 
by  parasites  or  other  mites,  but  its  cause  is  often  insidi- 
ous. It  often  appears  suddenly  and  without  warning. 
Except  in  very  mild  cases,  pimples,  pustules,  corruga- 
tions, &c,  appear,  which,  if  rubbed  or  bitten,  cause  dis- 
figurement, followed,  after  cure,  by  permanent  blemishes. 
The  disease  seems  to  be  affected  by  heat,  moisture,  and 
food. 

Pruritus  is  regarded  by  some  authorities  as  identical 
with  Prurigo,  but  by  Professor  Robertson  as  a  cutaneous 
neurosis  (nerve   disturbance),  occurring  independently  of 


166  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

eruption  or  inflammation,  and  attacking  both  horses  and 
dogs. 

Remedy. — Where  blood  contamination  is  suspected, 
correct  with  general  or  special  restoratives.  For  parasites 
rub  in  sulphur  or  sulphur  iodide  ointments,  mercury  ole- 
ate,  carbolic  or  tar  oils,  stavesacre,  or  corrosive  sublimate 
solutions.  When  resulting  from  sun  heat,  put  in  shade 
and  wash  with  potassium  bicarbonate ;  after  which  moisten 
spots  with  2  parts  glycerine,  1  each  of  sugar  of  lead  and 
laudanum,  60  of  water.  Abate  sensibility  with  hydrocy- 
anic acid,  potassium  cyanide,  or  chloroform,  alternated 
with  alkaline  washes.  Purges,  salines,  careful  diet  when 
associated  with  gastric  derangement.  Iron  salts,  oleagin- 
ous food,  alkalies,  arsenic  for  debility. 

GREASE  (ERYSIPELATOUS  IMPETIGO), 

Is  a  disease  of  the  cutaneous  glands.  The  parts  usually 
affected  are  the  heels,  especially  the  hind  heels,  where  an 
unusual  quantity  of  oily  or  lubricating  substance  is  secre- 
ted. It  is  peculiar  to  lymphatic  and  coarsely  bred  and 
haired  horses.  It  is  caused  by  increased  or  perverted 
secretion,  cold,  moisture,  perspiration,  filth,  indigestion, 
high  feeding  &c. 

Symptoms. — Swelling;  oily  dripping;  hair  matted; 
soapy  feel;  bad  odor;  foot  sensitive  and  stiff,  but  not 
much  lameness.  Swelling,  sensitiveness,  and  lameness  in- 
crease ;    exercise  relieves  latter. 

Ulcerative  stage  :  Disease  extends  half  way  up  the  leg, 
swelling  increasing;   pussy  crusts  form. 

Grapy  stage  (described  sometimes  as  a  distinct  disease) : 
Grape-like  clusters  (also  compared  to  coat  of  pine-apple) 
form,  growing  vascular,  red,  and  sensitive ;  in  chronic 
stage  become  cartilaginous  and  even  horny;  skin  hard 
and  thrice  its  natural  thickness;  most  of  the  hair  falls 
off;  fetid,  bloody,  discharges  from  between  grapes;  in- 
creased swelling  and  lameness, 


SKIN    DISEASES. 


167 


Remedy. — Wash  with  soft  or  carbolic  soap  and  warm 
water.  Diuretics,  salines,  green  food.  Trim  hair.  Apply 
antiseptic  bran  poultice  where  there  is  much  inflammation 
and  discharge.    Soak  scabs  with  salicylic  acid  in  solution 


Fig.  43.     First  stage  of  confirmed 
Grease ;    exudative. 


Fig.  44.    Second  stage  j  cracks. 


Fig.  45.     Third  stage  ;    grapes. 

of  borax.  Zinc  sulphate,  acetate,  sulpho-carbolate,  or 
chloride  lotions,  3  parts  to  100  of  water,  with  2  parts 
each  of  carbolic  acid  and  glycerine.  Vary  dressing  with 
sulphur  iodide,  wood  tar  oils,  carbolic  acid,  or  copper  sul- 
phate. Sulphuric  acid  and  iron  salts,  iodine,  arsenic  in- 
ternally. Remove  the  grapes  with  hot  iron  or  caustics. 
Dress  with  solution  of  zinc  sulphate  or  chloride  or  car- 
bolic acid.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29, 


168  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

BALDNESS  (ALOPECIA), 

Is  usually  caused  by  disturbed  nutrition  and  wasting 
changes  of  the  skin  and  hair-cells.  Parasites  may  or  may 
not  be  present.  It  usually  occurs  suddenly,  and  is  often 
extensive,  with  little  or  no  irritation,  itching,  exudation, 
or  swelling.  The  mane  and  tail  are  exempt.  The  bare 
skin  is  smooth,  soft,  and  unctious,  with  a  very  slight  cov- 
ering of  scales.     The  disease  has  a  tendency  to  heal  itself. 

Remedy. — Oleaginous  diet.  General  tonics,  such  as 
arsenic,  iron,  with  gentian  or  mix  vomica.  Stimulate  skin 
with  ammonia  liniment ;  cantharides  tincture  1  part,  soap 
or  camphor  liniment  8  parts;  or  castor  oil.  Shave,  and 
rub  in  vaselin  daily,  dressing  occasionally  with  the  above 
stimulants.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

LOUSINESS  (PEDICULI,  PHTHIRIASIS), 

Is  aided  by  damp  dirt,  barley  straw,  poverty,  and  pri- 
vation. The  horse  suffers  from  three  kinds  of  lice — two 
peculiar  to  itself,  one  peculiar  to  domestic  fowl.  The 
lice  sometimes  create  such  havoc  that  the  hair  falls  off 
in  places. 

Remedy.— Wash  with  soft  soap  and  warm  water  and 
rub  in  solution  of  stavesacre  or  tobacco,  1  part  solution 
to  40  of  water.  Oil  of  tar  1  part,  oil  of  rape  or  other 
mild  oil  4  parts.  Sulphur  iodide  ointment.  Mercuric 
nitrate  ointment.  Use  cautiously.  Creosote  1  part,  glyc- 
erine or  alcohol  2  parts,  water  40  parts.  Clip  long,  coarse 
hair;    isolate  infected  horses  and  cleanse  premises. 

MANGE,  SCAB  (SCABIES), 

Is  caused  by  several  species  of  '  acari '  (mange  mites) 
burrowing  under  the  skin.  It  is  peculiar  to  unhealthy, 
unclean,  coarse-bred,  hairy-limbed  horses  and  to  cold 
weather.  It  is  very  contagious  and  requires  isolation  and 
careful  treatment.     A  mangy  horse  will  rub  itself  sore. 

Symptoms. — The  discovery  of  the  insect,  and  the  pre- 


SKTJT   DISEASES.  169 

cise  kind,  is  the  best — is  proof  itself.  Itching,  rubbing, 
biting  skin ;  hair  falls  off  in  patches ;  skin  dry,  white, 
lifeless,  shedding  scales  and  white  dust  and  disclosing  red 
pimples,  and,  in  inveterate  cases,  becoming  hard,  dry, 
corrugated. 


Fig.  46.     The  mite  or  acarns  known  as  Symbiotes  Equi.     Magnified. 

Remedy. — Wash  :  Cut  up  an  ounce  of  common  roll 
tobacco;  keep  in  water  near  boiling  point  6  to  12  hours; 
strain  and  make  up  26  ounces,  adding  2  to  4  ounces  glyc- 
erine. Liniment :  Linseed  oil  1  pint,  oil  of  tar  2  fluid 
ounces,   sulphur   2   ounces.     Hub  one   or  other  of  these 


170 


THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 


dressings  in  well  for  2  days,  to  remain  3  or  4  days;   then 
wash  with  soft  soap  and   tepid  water  and  reapply  if  nee- 


Fig.  4:1.    The  mite  or  acarus  known  as  Dermatodectes  Equi.     Magnified 


Fig.  48     A  piece  of  mangy  skin. 


SKIX   DISEASES.  171 

essary.  Wash  and  disinfect  with  carbolic  or  corrosive  sub- 
limate solution  clothing,  harness,  stable  fittings,  rubbing 
posts,  &c. 


Fig.  49.     The  mite  or  acarus  known  as  Sarcoptes  Equi.     Magnified. 

RINGWORM  OR  TETTER  (Proper), 

'  Is  caused  by  vegetable  parasites  (gnawing  worms),  which 
implant  themselves  in  the  hair  follicles  (secreting  cells). 
Dampness,  darkness,  and  improper  diet  favor  their  pro- 
duction. Young  horses  suffer  most.  The  more  or  less 
circular  patches  are  clear  gray  and  shining.  The  hair 
falls  out,  disclosing  either  minute  eruptions  or  distinct 
and  separable  scales.  Some  patches  have  healthy  spots  in 
the  center,  but  it  sometimes  seems  to  cure  itself  through 
the  death  of  the  parasites. 

Ringworm,  Yellow  or  Honeycomb,  is  also  caused 
by  parasites,  which  may  be  transplanted  to  other  animals. 
The  patches  consist  of  cup-shaped,  yellowish  scabs  or 
crusts,  sometimes  separate,  at  others  confluent.    The  odor 


172 


THE    DISEASES   OF   THE   HOKSE. 


is  peculiar.     It  has  been  likened  to  that  of  bruised  hem- 
lock and  mouse  and  cat's  urine. 

Remedy. — Soak  and  wash  with  lead  subacetate  solution 
1  part  to  DO  of  water.  Then  moderately  paint  with  com- 
pound solution  or  tincture  of  iodine ;  or  a  smart  applica- 
tion of  common  iodine  ointment;    or  a  thorough  satura- 


Fig.  50.     Ringworm. 


Fig.  51.    Another  specimen  of  same. 


tion  with  corrosive  sublimate,  2  to  4  grains  to  ounce  of 
water,  adding  a  little  glycerine.  Paraffin  is  good.  Salines, 
tonics,  arsenic  internally,  help  to  abate  irritation  and 
swelling.  Soaking  with  oil  softens  and  removes  scales. 
Isolate.  Disinfect  brushes,  harness,  &c.  No  currying. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

SADDLE  SCALD 

Is  sometimes*  hard  to  cure.  The  skin  may  be  in  an 
irritable  condition,  and  therefore  less  able  to  stand  the 
friction  of  the  saddle  and  the  acridity  of  the  perspiration. 
From  a  slight,  patchy  excoriation,  or  perhaps  only  depi- 
lation,  the  skin  of  the  back  and  sides  will  sooner  or  later 
become  ulcerated,  rendering  the  animal  useless  for  saddle 
purposes. 

Remedy. — Improve  the  fit  of  the  saddle;  line  flaps 
with  linen  instead  of  serge,  and  make  them  more  flexible 
and   smaller  if  necessary.     The  medical  means  are  purg- 


SKItf   DISEASES. 


173 


ing   and   various   local    applications,   such  as  are   recom- 
mended for  mangy  affections  (page  169). 

HIDEBOUND 

Is  caused  by  lack  of  nutrition  (health-giving  food)  in- 
digestion, worms  in  the  intestinal  canal,  chronic  inflam- 
mation of  the  lungs,  lack  of  exercise,  exposure  to  cold, 
&c.  Sometimes  the  ribs  can  be  counted  with  the  eye. 
Coat  staring.     .The  skin  may  be  perfectly  healthy. 


Fig.  52.     One  cause  of  Hidebound. 

The  remedy  is  nutritious  food.  If  there  is  disease, 
cure  it. 

CRACKED  HEEL 

Is  analogous  in  nature,  cause,  and  remedy  to  grease, 
namely  :  It  is  peculiar  to  the  hind  legs,  to  coarse,  fleshy, 
white  legs,  and  cold,  wet  weather ;  consists  in  (transverse) 
ulcerations ;  the  legs  fill ;  the  secretion  is  disordered,  but 
the  skin  is  stretched  and  cracked ;  remoteness  of  heel  from 
the  heart;  motion  of  heel;  secreting  nature  of  surface; 
filth  irritation ;  need  of  astringent  applications,  poultices, 
&c.     Stopping  thrush   in   feet   will   sometimes   cause   the 


174  THE  DISEASES  OE  THE  HORSE. 

heels   to   crack   and  break  out  in   pimples.     This  is   best 
counteracted  by  aperients  and  diuretics. 

Remedy. — Treated  according  to  origin,  duration,  and 
condition.  When  from  wet  ground,  remove  to  dry;  when 
from  filth,  cool  and  fine  legs  by  cautious  purging.  If  the 
ulceration  has  not  penetrated  through  the  skin,  bran  poul- 
tices, mild  astringent  powder,  weak  solutions  of  blue  vit- 
riol, alum,  tincture  of  myrrh,  benzoin,  &c;  poultice  best. 
If  through  skin,  heroic  treatment ;  slough  with  butter  of 
antimony  or  nitric  acid ;  some  use  lunar  caustic  or  a  red 
hot  iron.  Wipe  dry ;  sprinkle  caustic ;  poultice.  High- 
heeled  shoes  if  necessary.  Watch  frog.  Overexercise  in- 
jurious.    Green  food.     (Percivall.) 

SORENESS  ABOUT  THE  ANUS. 

There  is  a  sort  of  eruption  consisting  of  patchy  exco- 
riation and  slight  ulceration  around  the  verge  of  the  anus. 
It  occurs  usually  in  the  spring,  and  is  accompanied  by 
costiveness.  It  is  ascribed  to  a  disordered  alimentary 
canal,  preternatu rally  hot,  acrimonious  fecal  discharges, 
which  increase  the  external  irritation. 

Remedy. — Wash  twice  a  day,  wipe  dry,  and  sprinkle 
with  common  flour.     Gentle  purge  if  necessary. 

WARTS  (VERRUC/E). 

A  horse  may  be  so  covered  with  warts  as  fo  be  tempo- 
rarily useless.  Their  most  common  situations  are  the 
head  (eyelids,  muzzle,  ears),  belly,  sheath,  penis,  and  in- 
ner side  of  thigh  and  arm.  They  are  said  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  skin,  whence  they  derive  their  coverings. 
Some  grow  by  pedicles ;  others  have  broad  roots ;  others 
still  are  incased  in  the  skin,  out  of  which  they  slip,  if 
pressed,  when  freed  by  the  knife.  Some  are  no  larger 
than  peas,  others  as  large  as  marbles  or  walnuts,  while  a 
single  wart  has  been  known  to  grow  till  it  impeded  the 
action   of  a  limb.     They  are   usually  enveloped   in   thin, 


SKItf  DISEASES.  175 

smooth,  and  hairless  skin,  but  which  in  time  becomes 
callous  and  horny.  Others  are  ulcerous  and  even  fungoid, 
bleeding  on  the  least  irritation  and  showing  no  disposition 
to  heal.  Internally  they  exhibit  a  firm,  fibro-cartilaginous 
texture,  little  or  no  vascularity,  and  seldom  bleed  except 
from  their  roots. 


Fig.  53.     Warts. 

Remedy. — Remove  by  excision,  torsion,  or  ligature. 
To  prevent  return,  cauterize  the  site  of  those  about  the 
penis.  Chromic  acid,  silver  nitrate,  and  glacial  acetic 
acid  destroy  warts.  The  soft  variety  gradually  removed 
by  daily  moistening  with  commercial  acetic  acid. 

Where  the  wart  grows  from  a  slender  pedicle,  a  double, 
well  waxed,  silk  ligature,  drawn  tightly,  is  the  best  means 
of  removal.  Should  the  ligature  cut  the  wart,  apply  the 
budding  iron  to  its  surface.  Encysted  warts  require  cru- 
cial incisions  and  pressing  only.  If  a  wart  has  a  broad 
base,  caustic  is  more  effectual  than  ligature.  Sprinkle 
the  wart  with  arsenic.  It  will  fall  off  in  about  two  weeks. 
Sulphur  made  into  a  paste,  with  sulphuric  acid,  will  an- 
swer the  same  purpose.  Chloride  of  zinc,  powdered,  and 
rubbed  with  a  simple  ointment,  is  good.  Warts  of  the 
eyelids  should  be  removed  with  the  knife. 


170  THE  DISEASES  OP  THE  HOUSE. 

Greasiness  of  the  Skin. — Percivall  describes  the  case 
of  a  horse,  recently  returned  from  grass,  which,  while 
shedding  its  coat  in  September,  showed  an  exceedingly 
greasy  condition  of  the  skin.  It  was  washed  with  soft 
soap,  but  in  three  days  became  greasy  again.  A  week 
afterward,  after  giving  a  fourth  dose  of  physic,  the  ani- 
mal was  washed  in  water  in  which  an  alkali  had  been 
dissolved. 


INJURIES 


Injuries  are  mechanical,  chemical,  and  mixed.  Me- 
chanical injuries  comprehend  wounds,  contusions,  abra- 
sions, fractures,  dislocations,  &c.  Chemical  injuries  are 
caused  by  heat,  the  concentrated  acids,  caustic  alkalies, 
lunar  caustic,  corrosive  sublimate,  arsenic,  &c.  Mixed 
injuries  are  caused  by  the  bites  or  stings  of  mad  dogs, 
insects,  &c.     Also  from  inoculation. 

WOUNDS 

Are  incised,  contused,  lacerated,  punctured,  gun-shot, 
and  poisoned.  The  first  danger,  especially  in  incised 
wounds,  is  bleeding,  the  remedy  for  which  is  (1)  a  liga- 
ture ;  (2)  a  tourniquet  or,  what  is  better,  a  rubber  band ; 
(3)  trickling  water;    (4)  pressure  (a  compress  if  practica- 


Fig.  54.    Kubber  Bandage. 

ble) ;  (5)  styptics,  such  as  tow,  lint,  matico,  ergot,  digi- 
talis, ice,  lead  acetate. 

Blood  from  a  vein  is  dark  colored,  and  flows  in  an  un- 
interrupted and  comparatively  tardy  stream.  Ligatures 
should  be  withdrawn  in  10  or  14  days,  or  they  will  fes- 
ter.    Gut  the  thread. 

The  bleeding  stopped,  the  next  thing  after  the  removal 


i;s 


THE   DISEASES    OF  THE   HORSE. 


of  foreign  bodies  and  clots  of  blood,  is  washing  with  one 
of  the  following  antiseptics  :  1.  Carbolic  acid  1  part  with 
20  to  40  of  water.  2.  Corrosive  sublimate  1  part,  com- 
mon salt  7i,  water,  1,000.  3.  Zinc  chloride  1  part,  wa- 
ter 80  to  100.  4.  Mercuric  iodide  and  potassium  iodide 
each  1  part,  water  1,000.  5.  Hydronaphtol  1  part,  rec- 
tified spirit  1  part,  water  300.  6.  Sodium  hydrofluosili- 
cate  1  part,  water  500.  The  latter  is  "  a  recently  discov- 
ered, effectual,  non-poisonous,  cheap  germicide."     (Dun.) 


Fig.  55.     Interrupted  Suture. 


mmmm. 
Fig.  56.     Uninterrupted  Suture 


Fig-.  57.     Twisted  Suture. 


Fig.  58.     Zigzag  Suture. 


Incised  wounds  are  brought  together  by  sutures  (stitches) 
pins,  or  plasters.     Bandages  keep  the  parts  in  apposition 


INJURIES.  i;'.t 

and  give  support.  Splints  and  slings  are  sometimes  re- 
quired. 

In  large  contused  or  lacerated  wounds  a  dependent  open- 
ing must  be  made  by  drainage  tubes  or  otherwise.  Deeply 
punctured  and  lacerated  wounds  are  fomented  for  some 
hours  in  order  to  limit  inflammation.  Apply  a  sheet  of 
carbolic  lint,  on  which  either  place  a  poultice  or  let  cold 
water  trickle  over  it. 

Superficial  wounds  heal  by  first  intention  (without  pus) 
when  the  edges  are  held  together  by  plaster,  styptic  col- 
loid, or  shellac,  applied  in  methylated  spirit  (90  parts  of 
rectified  spirit  (alcohol),  10  parts  of  wood  spirit,  or  impure 
methylic  alcohol.) 

Poisoned  wounds  are  treated  according  to  their  nature. 
Poison  may  be  kept  out  of  the  circulation  by  ligature. 
Excision  of  the  poisoned  textures  may  be  desirable,  and 
also  subsequent  cauterization  or  irrigation  with  a  suitable 
germicide. 

Wounds  properly  closed  and  healing  satisfactorily  should 
not  be  disturbed  except  for  cleansing  and  redressing.  Do 
not  be  in  a  hurry  about  removing  sutures. 

If  a  wound  becomes  inflamed  or  painful,  or  the  dis- 
charges are  unhealthy,  remove  the  dressings,  cut  the  su- 
tures,  remove   blood  clots  or  other  irritants,  irrigate   or 


J.  REYNDERS  &  CO. 
Fig.  59.     Syringe. 

syringe  the  surfaces  with  an  antiseptic,  and  apply  a  poul- 
tice over  the  carbolic  lint  if  necessary.  Use  opium  and 
belladonna  with  poultices  or  antiseptics  when  there  is 
much  pain. 

Excessive  granulation  checked  by  pressure,  astringents, 
or  occasional  use  of  caustics. 

A  dose  of  physic,  cooling,  digestible  diet,  and  healthful 


180  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

surroundings  are   essential  to  the  successful  treatment  of 
wounds. 

INJURED  EYES. 
Blows  are  usually  received  on  the  orbital  process  (bony 
projection),  when  the  ball  of  the  eye  is  rarely  injured. 
In  such  cases  the  upper  eyelid  is  usually  swollen  and  the 
outer  membrane  of  the  eye  itself  may  partake  of  it.  Wet 
and  apply  a  linen  cloth,  or  sponge  the  part  as  often  as 
it  becomes  dry.  In  cases  of  extreme  swelling,  local  bleed- 
ing and  fomentations  will  be  effective. 


Fig.  60.     The  haw  (the  horse's  handkerchief). 

When  hayseeds,  insects,  dirt,  &c,  get  under  the  upper 
lids,  and  the  haw  fails  to  expel  them,  turn  back  the  lid 
and  remove  them  by  hand. 

Cuts  and  lacerations  sometimes  penetrate  the  ball.  If 
they  extend  through  the  cornea,  the  watery  fluid  will 
escape  and  the  iris  protrude.  Eeturn  the  iris  carefully. 
Foment  with  warm  water  in  which  poppy  heads  have  been 
boiled.  After  this,  apply  healing  washes  with  a  camel's 
hair  pencil.     Shade  the  eye. 

Laceration  of  the  Eyelid  is  not  an  uncommon  acci- 
dent. It  may  be  caused  by  a  bite,  a  nail,  hook,  &c.  It 
usually  begins  at  the  inner,  superior,  and  most  projecting 
part  of  the  lid,  but  the  reverse  may  be  the  case.  The 
wound  usually  causes  considerable  bleeding. 

Remedy. — Secure  the  horse,  cleanse  the  eye,  and  stitch 


IKJUKIES.  181 

with  strong  sewing  silk,  using  a  small,  sharp,  crooked 
needle.  In  a  week  or  so,  or  as  soon  as  the  parts  cohere, 
or  when  pus  oozes  out,  cut  and  withdraw  the  stitches. 
After  this  it  is  important  to  secure  the  horse  with  double 
straps,  otherwise,  owing  to  the  irritation  of  the  eye,  it 
will  rub  against  the  stall  and  dissever  the  parts. 

INJURIES  TO  MOUTH,  TONGUE,  JAWS. 

The  tongue  may  be  injured  in  various  ways.  It  may 
be  bitten  accidentally  by  the  horse  itself,  also,  when  pro- 
truded, by  another  horse;  by  sharp  projections  of  the 
teeth,  rough  or  careless  usage,  &c.  Stitch  the  parts  to- 
gether whenever  necessary  and  practicable,  cleanse  the 
wound  if  necessary,  and  leave  the  healing  to  nature. 

The  branches  of  the  lower  jaw  are  common  seats  of 
fracture,  a  frequent  cause  of  which  is  the  use  of  sharp  • 
curved  bits,  but  rough  usage  will  sometimes  cause  frac- 
tures even  with  a  smooth  bit.  The  horse  loses  its  appe- 
tite and  is  unfit  for  work.  The  fractured  bone  must  be 
removed,  but  it  is  often  better  to  wait  a  week  or  ten  days 
that  nature  may  loosen  the  parts.  Fractures  are  often  the 
result  of  external  violence.  A  severe  blow  in  the  region 
of  the  roots  of  the  teeth  may  cause  a  fracture  that  will 
necessitate  the  removal  of  both  bone  and  teeth. 

The  jaw  is  also  subject  to  injury  from  violence  with 
the  curb-rein.  The  outside  gum  is  squeezed  by  the  crub. 
An  abscess  forms  within  the  bone,  and  there  is  usually 
sooner  or  later  bone  to  be  removed.  Keep  the  wound 
open  and  encourage  the  discharge.  A  scruple  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  in  an  ounce  of  water  is  a  good  dressing.  If 
the  horse  must  be  worked,  use  a  snaffle. 

The  outside  of  the  lips  and  cheeks  are  sometimes  severely 
cut  by  sharp  and  twisted  snaffles,  the  inside  of  the  cheek 
by  sharp  projections  of  the  molar  teeth.  The  only  rem- 
edy for  the  latter  is  to  file  the  projections  down,  but  not 
so  as  to  destroy  the  natural   slant  of  the  grinding  surface, 


182  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

as  already  explained  on  page  142.  The  cheeks  will  heal 
without  aid,  but  an  ounce  of  alum  in  a  quart  of  water  is 
a  good  wash  for  them. 

SADDLE-GALLS,  SITFASTS,  WARBLES,   TU- 
MOR   ON    THE    ELBOW. 

These  injuries  are  caused  by  pinching  of  the  harness- 
pad,  girths,  or  collar,  bad-fitting  or  overweighted  saddles, 
&c.  If  they. are  neglected  or  exposed  to  further  injury, 
they  either  turn  to  abscesses  or  subside  into  smaller  tu- 
mors and  are  indisposed  to  undergo  further  change,  though 
they  are  sometimes  carried  off  by  suppuration.  Percivall 
says  that  when  a  bad-fitting  saddle  has  been  kept  on  too 
long  and  evil  results  are  expected,  that  it  should  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  on  the  back  till  the  horse  is  perfectly 
cool. 

Cure  saddle-gall  by  removal  of  cause.  Bathe  and  cleanse 
once  a  day;  hot  water  if  suppurating.  Antiseptic  dress- 
ings. Swollen  fatty  follicles  reduced  with  soap  liniment; 
in  chronic  cases  foment  and  lance. 


Fig.  61.     Sitfast. 

Sitfast  is  "a  part  of  a  horse's  back  turned  horny."  To 
use  another  simile,  repeated  injury  by  the  saddle  causes 
the  formation  of  horny  excrescences  resembling  corns  of 
the  human  foot.  The  sitfast  acquires  a  well  defined  bor- 
der.    In  many  instances  the  skin  withdraws  from  around 


INJURIES.  183 

it,  and  a  little  matter  oozes  from  between  it  and  the  skin. 
This  indicates  that  the  sitfast  will  be  carried  off  by  slough- 
ing. If  the  process  is  slow,  it  may  be  hastened  by  blis- 
tering ointment.     Dissect  out  if  necessary. 

Warbles  or  grubs  "  are  small,  hard  tumors  on  the  sad- 
dle part  of  a  horse's  back ; "  also  the  neck  and  sometimes 
the  tail.  When  recent  they  yield  to  stimulating  lotions, 
though  sometimes  they  run  on  to  suppuration  and  disperse. 
Frequently,  however,  tliey  become  callous,  in  which  con- 
dition they  may  continue  for  years  without  serious  conse- 
quences.    They  may  be  dissected  out. 

According  to  Williams  warbles  in  the  ox  is  caused  by 
a  bot-fly  which  lodges  under  the  skin. 

Tumor  on  the  elbow  (shoeboil)  is  caused  by  contusion 
or  pressure  of  the  heel  of  the  fore  shoe  or  by  the  horse 
lying  on  a  hard  pavement  with  insufficient  bedding. 

INFLAMED  VEIN  (PHLEBITIS), 

Is  usually  the  result  of  bleeding,  but  some  horses  are 
predisposed  to  it.  It  is  also  the  result  of  violence  after 
bleeding — disturbing  the  pin  by  rubbing  against  this  or 
that.  Injury  may  also  follow  from  using  an  unclean  or 
rusty  instrument  in  bleeding.  The  wound  should  be 
speedily  closed.  The  lips,  unless  disturbed,  will  rarely 
fail  to  adhere.  Tie  the  horse's  head  up  to  prevent  rub^ 
bing.  If  worked,  guard  against  injury  by  either  bridle 
rein  or  collar. 

Remedy. — Open  any  abscesses.  If  swelling  occurs  while 
the  pin  is  in,  withdraw  it  carefully  so  as  not  to  disturb 
the  wound.  Foment  and  poultice.  Laxative  diet.  If  the 
wound  is  foul  and  the  vein  corded  up  to  the  head,  leave 
the  orifice  open  and  apply  a  blister,  renewing  it  as  often 
as  needed.  If  necessary,  the  vein  may  be  tied.  In  case 
of  fresh  bleeding,  pin  or  stitch  and  compress  the  wound, 
keeping  the  head  tied  up.  A  horse  with  an  impervious 
jugular  should  not  be  turned  to  grass.     Diffuse  phlebitis 


184  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

treated  antiseptically,  with  salines   internally.     For  a  list 
of  antiseptics  and  salines,  see  pages  31  and  3G  respectively. 

LACERATED   KNEE 

Is  usually  a  much  more  serious  injury  than  a  contused 
or  bruised  knee,  for  it  may  penetrate  to  and  even  ex- 
pose the  knee  joint.  The  extent  or  depth  of  the  wound 
is  a  matter  of  great  importance,  for  the  treatment  must 
be  regulated  by  it.  The  healing  of  the  wound  requires 
time  and  patience,  for  the  part  is  much  used  and  the 
skin  thereby  stretched. 

The  accident  is  usually  the  result  of  tenderness  and 
lameness  of  the  fore  legs,  tripping,  cutting,  and  unequal 
action,  rough  roads  and  pavements,  rolling  stones,  &c. 

The  scar  left  is  sometimes  quite  a  blemish.  Ordinary 
scars  may  be  removed  by  blistering  the  part,  first  shav- 
ing off  the  hair. 

Remedy. — Cleanse  the  part  thoroughly  with  warm  wa- 
ter and  allay  inflammation  by  fomentation.  Use  a  cradle 
for  a  few  days  to  prevent  the  part  from  being  bitten.  If 
the  knee  does  not  heal  kindly,  apply  lotions  or  poultices. 
After  this  dress  with  tincture  of  benzoin  or  compound 
tincture  of  myrrh.  Toward  the  end,  a  solution  of  blue 
vitriol  may  be  needed.  In  place  of  the  two  last,  after 
poulticing,  sprinkle  daily  with  a  powder  of  flour  and 
alum.  In  some  cases  it  may  be  advisable  to  stitch  the 
skin  together.     Quiet.     Sling  if  necessary. 

OPEN   KNEE  AND  OTHER   JOINTS. 

A  joint  must  be  penetrated  to  constitute  this  injury, 
but  even  if  it  is  not  penetrated,  it  is  often  opened  by 
sloughing.  It  is  a  very  serious  matter,  for  the  joint  oil 
(synovia)  often  escapes,  causing  a  stiff  joint  (anchylosis). 
The  discharge  of  oil,  however,  does  not  necessarily  indi- 
cate opened  joint,  for  the  sheaths  of  the  tendons  contain 
an  oil  precisely  like  joint  oil.     Tetanus  (commonly  called 


INJURIES.  185 

lock-jaw)  may  result  from  the  injury.  Opened  joint  is 
usually  caused  by  a  fall,  but  it  may  be  caused  by  a  thorn, 
a  nail,  or  a  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

Symptoms. — Knee  clotted  with  dirt  and  blood;  foot 
rests  on  toe,  not  because  the  joint  is  painful,  for  recently 
injured  joints  have  little  or  no  sensation,  but  because  of 
the  painful  ligaments,  tendons,  &c.  In  a  day  the  parts 
are  hot,  full,  and  tender,  these  symptoms  increasing  from 
day  to  day.  About  this  time  the  constitution  sympathizes ; 
fever ;  pulse  rises ;  appetite  and  spirits  lost ;  mouth  dry ; 
eyes  injected ;  skin  and  limbs  warm ;  breathing  disturbed. 
The  animal  now  exchanges  its  dull  mood  for  watching 
and  irritability.  If  the  irritation  is  not  checked,  it  is 
likely  to  exhaust  the  vital  energies  before  the  local  in- 
flammation even  turns  toward  restoration.  * 

Remedy. — Cleanse  and  foment.  Antiseptic  dressing. 
Stitch,  if  the  movement  of  the  joint  and  tearing  loose 
can  be  prevented.  Styptic  colloid,  collodion,  or  plaster 
for  support  and  protection.  Splints  and  bandages.  Sling 
or  tie  up  to  prevent  lying  down.  Half  doses  of  physic ; 
cooling  diet.  Let  a  weak  antiseptic  solution  trickle  over 
a  calico  bandage  lightly  laid  over  the  joint.  Blister  if 
necessary. 

WOUNDED  TENDONS 

Are  usually  caused  by  thorns,  stubs,  flints,  kicks,  treads, 
&c.  If  properly  treated,  they  usually  end  well.  A  ten- 
don may  be  even  severed,  and  yet  be  restored  by  approx- 
imation. Thorns  have  been  known  to  work  themselves 
out  between  skin  and  hoof.  Some  fester  and  discharge 
themselves.  Some  are  sloughed  out  with  medicines.  In 
some  cases  the  parts  around  the  foreign  substance  be- 
come hardened  and  continue  so  without  lameness.  It  is 
possible  for  tetanus  to  follow  wounded  tendons. 

Remedy. —  Fomentations,  poultices,  cooling  lotions. 
Loosen  as  well  as  cool  part.     Sling.     Splints,  starch  ban- 


18G  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

dages.     When  inflammation  has  moderated,  stimulate  ex- 
ternally. 

INFLAMED  LYMPHATICS 

The  office  of  the  lymphatic  system  is  to  form  and  cir- 
culate lymph.  When  disturbed,  it  is  usually  the  result 
of  wounds  or  pricks. 

Remedy. — Remove  cause.  Cooling  diet.  Salines;  pot- 
assium iodide.  Foment  while  heat  and  tenderness  con- 
tinue; after  which  apply  friction,  bandages,  iodine  oint- 
ment.    Continue  salines  in  drinking  water. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

STRAIN  OF  LOINS  (PSO/E)  MUSCLES 

Is  caused  by  any  injury  that  violently  extends  them. 
It  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with  '  broken  back/  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  animal  being  able  to 
bend  and  extend  the  limbs.  In  some  cases  the  animal 
almost  drags  its  limbs. 

Remedy. — Rugs  wrung  out  of  hot  water  applied  over 
loins  and  abdomen.  Anodyne  injections  (opium,  mor- 
phine, &c.)     Slings  if  both  sides  are  affected. 

BRUSHING  OR  INTERFERING 

Occurs  in  horses  with  faulty  action,  especially  when 
tired  or  out  of  condition.     The  part  struck  is  the  fetlock. 

Remedy. — A  f  shoe,  or  a  shoe  thin  on  inside  web, 
without  heel  on  outside.  Boot  on  injured  fetlock.  Care- 
ful shoeing.     Improve  general  condition. 

SPEEDY-CUT 

Is  a  bruise  in  the  inner  part  of  the  limb,  near  the 
knee,  caused  by  the  oj)posite  foot.  Cause — round,  high 
action  (stepping).  The  horse  is  liable  to  fall  from  the 
violence  of  the  blow. 

Remedy. — Fomentations;  open  any  abscess ;  anfiseptic 
dressing.     Prevent   by  reducing  inner   crust   of  offending 


INJURIES. 


187 


foot,  using  nicely  fitting  f  shoes,  removing  shoes  every  3 
weeks.     Protect  leg  with  boot.     Travel  slowly. 

SPRAIN    OF   MUSCLES,  TENDONS,   AND   LIGA- 
MENTS. 

The  fibers  are  severely  stretched  and  in  serious  cases 
some  of  them  are  torn. 

Remedy. — Best;  foment;  purge.  Slings  in  bad  cases. 
When  the  tenderness  and  pain  are  abated,  apply  counter- 


Fig.  63.     Three-jointed,  sharp  Seton  Needle. 

irritants.      Cantharides    or    mercuric     iodide    ointments. 
Firing-iron.     Seton. 

RUPTURED  TENDONS  OR   LIGAMENTS. 

Remedy. — Fomentations  allay  inflammation.  Treat  as 
for  fractured  bones.  Quiet.  Splints.  Starch  bandages. 
Slings.  When  inflammation  moderates,  stimulate  exter- 
nally. 


188  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

PRICKED   FOOT 

Is  caused  by  misdirected  or  defective  nails  in  shoeing, 
nails  picked  up  in  walking,  sharp  instruments,  flints, 
glass,  &c.  The  injury  will  vary  with  the  cause,  the  part 
injured,  and  the  depth  and  direction  of  the  wound.  In 
shoeing  if  a  nail  causes  blood  to  flow,  lameness  will  soon 
follow ;  but  if  it  only  goes  close  to  the  quick,  it  may  be 
one  or  even  two  weeks  before  lameness  results. 

Remedy. — Remove  shoe  and  diseased  tissue.  Give  pus 
vent  by  dependent  opening.  Inject  with  spirit  turpen- 
tine.    Keep  hole  free  of  dirt.     Poultice. 


Fig.  64.    Side  puncture  represents  Pricked  Foot,  the  front  Bruised  Sole. 

BRUISE  OF  THE  SOLE 

Leads  to  the  effusion  of  blood,  but  seldom  causes  seri- 
ous lameness.  Pare  off  the  discolored  horn  aud  shoe  at 
least  once  with  leather.     Treat  as  for  '  Corns/  which  see. 

BRUISES  (General). 

Treat  general  bruises  as  follows  :  Foment,  poultice, 
water  dressing,  refrigerants ;  carbolic  acid  and  other  an- 
tiseptics. Hand  rubbing  and  subsequent  rubbing  with  oil 
promote  absorption.  Lead,  zinc  and  other  astringent  so- 
lutions probably  prevent  leucocytes  (white  cells)  exuding. 
Belladonna,  opium,  aconite  paralyze  sensory  nerves  and 
relieve  pain. 


ttUUHlES. 


189 


TREAD  AND  OVERREACH 

Are  identical  in  nature.  A  tread  is  a  contused  wound 
of  the  coronet  of  either  the  hind  or  fore  foot,  caused  by 
the  opposite  foot.  An  overreach  is  a  tread  on  the  coro- 
net of  the  fore  foot  by  the  hind  foot.  The  parts  injured 
consist  of  skin,  cartilage,  and  horn.  The  injury  is  there- 
fore complex  and  requires  careful  treatment. 


Fig;.  65.     Tread. 


Fig.  67.    Overreach. 


Remedy. — Eemove  hair  and  such  lacerated  parts  of 
horn  as  may  harbor  dirt.  Immerse  in  warm  water.  Hot 
poultice,  but  discontinue  when  healing  begins.  Turpen- 
tine or  nitric  acid  lotion  dressing.  Physic.  Heels  of 
shoes  well  ronnded  off.  Light  shoes.  Protect  coronet 
with  pad. 

FROST  BITE  (GELATIO), 

If  often  repeated,  causes  the  part  to  become  perma- 
nently weakened,  slightly  swelled,  of  a  purple  color,  with 
less  heat,  and  afterward  inflamed.  The  skin  cracks,  and  a 
discharge  of  sanguineous  matter  takes  place.  More  intense 
cold  entirely  suspends  vital  action,  the  part  becoming 
pale,  insensible,  and  shriveled.  The  skin,  especially  the 
heel,  will  often  slough  across  from  side  to  side,  forming 
a  strip  of  dead  skin,  under  which  is  a  deep  chasm,  called 
a  cracked  heel. 

Remedy. — Raise  temperature  of  frozen  parts  gradually. 


190  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

Stimulants  to   affected  parts ;    turpentine   and   oil ;    soap 
liniment.     Treat  sloughs  antiseptically. 

QUITTOR 

Is  a  sore  or  wound  on  the  coronet  connected  with  a 
sinus  (cavity)  in  the  foot,  the  sinus  running  between  the 
sensitive  parts  and  the  horn.  It  is  usually  caused  by  the 
large,  awkward  calkins  of  the  hind  shoe,  but  any  neg- 
lected wound  of  the  coronet  may  cause  it.  It  may  also 
be  caused  by  an  abscess  within  the  foot ;  also  by  a  fes- 
tered corn. 

The  disease  at  first  is  insidious,  being  covered  by  the 
hair.  When  the  tumor  points,  the  hair  falls  off  and  re- 
veals the  cause  of  the  lameness. 


Fig.  68.    Quittor  before  pus  exudes  Fig.  69.    Quittor  after  exudation 

through  coronet.  through  coronet. 

In  severe  cases  of  quittor  the  skin,  tendons,  cartilages, 
and  bones  are  more  or  less  affected.  When  the  bone  be- 
comes carious  there  is  little  hope  of  cure.  A  cure,  even 
in  ordinary  cases,  requires  two  or  three  months.  The 
horse  is  usually  lame  even  after  the  healing.  This  is 
owing  to  change  of  structure.  The  cartilage  becoming 
bony  and  the  coronet  destroyed,  often  causes  the  disor- 
der known  as  '  False  Quarter/  Caries  of  either  the  car- 
tilage or  bone  is  preceded  by  ulcers  having  a  greenish 
discharge  mixed  with  synovia  (joint  oil). 

Remedy. — Secure  a  free  dependent  opening.  Remove 
dead  tissues  or  other  irritants.  Poultice.  Inject  corrosive 
sublimate  solution.     Where  cavities  are  numerous  and  dif- 


IN  J  I'RIES. 


191 


ficult  of  access,  core  them  out  with  corrosive  sublimate 
or  arsenic  plug.  Where  foot  is  strong,  no  shoe  is  needed ; 
if  weak  or  broken,  bar  shoe  relieves  pressure.  In  very 
bud  cases  diseased  textures  must  be  excised.  Blister  cor- 
onet to  promote  reparative  action. 

FALSE  QUARTER 

Results  from  quittor  more  than  from  any  other  cause. 
It  may,  however,  be  caused  by  injury  or  disease  of  any 
kind  destroying  the  coronary  'substance,  on  the  integrity 
of  which  the  integrity  of  the  wall  depends.  In  the  same 
way  that  injury  at  the  root  of  man's  nails  causes  divis- 
ion, will  injury  of  the  coronary  substance  cause  a  groove 
in  the  hoof.  Hence  the  name.  Its  appearance  is  that  of 
a  gap.     The  gap  is  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  soft  horn, 


Fig.  10.     False  Quarter. 


Fig.  71.     Remedy  for  False 
Quarter. 


which  sometimes  splits  and  bleeds.  Dirt  or  squeezing  of 
the  internal  parts  sometimes  causes  inflammation,  pus, 
and  lameness.  If  the  fissure  remains  sound,  however,  no 
inconvenience  follows.  False  quarter  may  be  palliated, 
but  not  cured. 

Remedy.— Restore  secretory  function  of  coronary  band. 
Dress  and  promote  healing  of  any  wounds  in  band.  Press- 
ure should  generally  be  applied  and  dead  horn  trimmed 
away.  Bar  shoe  to  relieve  concussion.  Fill  cracks  with 
gutta-percha  to  keep  out  dirt.  Blisters  to  coronet  some- 
times useful. 


192  THE   DISEASES  OE  THE  H'ORSE. 


VENOMOUS  BITES  AND  STINGS 

Are  caused  by  bees,  hornets,  vipers,  &c.  The  adder's 
bite  is  sometimes  fatal,  and  swarming  bees  have  been 
known  to  sting  a  horse  or  ox  to  death. 

Remedy. — Ammonia  and  oil;  or  an  ounce  of  spirit  of 
hartshorn  or  turpentine  in  olive  oil.  Rub  some  on  bite 
also.  Potassium  hydrate  or  bicarbonate  solutions.  Bathe 
the  eyes  with  laurel  water  twice  a  week.  Carbolic  acid ; 
prussic  acid  ;  chloroform ;  cold  water  dressings.  For  snake 
bite  ligature  limb ;  excise  wound,  and  sear  with  hot  iron. 
Alcoholic  stimulants;   ammonia.     Artificial  respiration. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

BURNS  AND  SCALDS. 

Remedy. — Protect  immediately  from  air  and  irritants 
by  layers  of  cotton  wool,  or  apply  carron  oil.  Liniment 
of  oil  and  litharge,  with  5  per  cent,  boric,  salicylic,  or 
carbolic  acid,  or  peppermint  oil.  Whiting  and  water,  or 
Fuller's  earth,  about  the  consistence  of  cream,  applied 
till  well  coated.  Zinc  oxide,  with  about  10  parts  vaselin, 
or  of  glycerine  and  water.  Alkaline  solutions,  soap  lather, 
saturated  solution  sodium  bicarbonate  for  slighter  cases. 
Where  discharges  are  foul,  add  antiseptics  to  above  dress- 
ings. Where  there  is  irritation  and  pain,  add  chloroform 
or  laudanum,  or  both.  Combat  constitutional  suffering 
with  antiseptics  and  anodynes  internally.  For  doses,  see 
pages  13  to  29.  For  lists  of  antiseptics,  anodynes,  &c, 
see  pages  30  to  37. 

FRACTURES 

Are  usually  caused  by  blows,  falls,  slips,  &c,  but  a 
horse,  by  struggling  when  cast,  may  not  only  fracture  its 
spine  but  perhaps  some  other  bone. 

Fractures  are  simple,  compound,  or  comminuted ;  they 
are  also  either  transverse  or  oblique.     They  are  indicated 


IN  JURIES.  193 

by  a  grating  noise ;  separation  or  displacement  of  the  parts ; 
deformity,  shortening,  lameness ;  pain  on  pressure ;  heat, 
swelling,  tension,  or  the  approach  of  inflammation.  The 
three  chief  principles  of  treatment  are  replacement,  main- 
tainment,  and  care. 

Compound  and  comminuted  fractures  are  hopeless.  Re- 
ducible  simple  fractures  are  sometimes  curable,  such  as 
fracture  of  the  ribs,  cannon  bones,  arch  of  orbit,  nasal 
bones,  upper  and  lower  jaw  bones,  tail  bones,  arm,  hock, 
leg,  pastern,  and  coffin  (foot)  bones. 

The  following  fractures  are  usually  fatal  :  Skull,  pelvis, 
spine,  scapula,  humerus,  femur,  tibia,  elbow,  patella  (stifle 
bone),  and  the  sesamoid  (foot),  coronary,  and  navicular 
bones. 

Repeated  displacements  and  indisposition  to  form  callus 
(bony  substance  between  fractured  parts)  are  also  incurable. 

Remedy. — Put  bones  in  apposition.  Splints  of  leather, 
lath,  block-tin,  paroplastic,  or  gutta-percha.  Incase  in 
plaster  of  Paris ;  starch  bandages.  Ends  of  bones  may  be 
kept  together  by  metallic  sutures.  Smart  blister  causes 
outpouring  of  fibrinous,  plastic,  reparative  material ;  also 
favors  parts  being  kept  at  rest.  Large  animals  may  re- 
quire slinking.  Wounds  in  compound  fractures  treated 
antiseptically.  Calcium  phosphate  internally  in  weakly 
subjects  hastens  union.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

DISLOCATIONS 

Occur  less  frequently  than  fractures  and  are  usually  less 
remediable.  They  are  either  complete  or  partial.  They 
are  caused  by  blows,  falls,  wrenches,  &c,  or  by  violent 
action  of  muscles.  In  some  cases  these  causes  seem  to  co- 
operate. Replacement,  retention,  and  care  are  necessary 
to  recovery. 

The  spine,  especially  at  the  neck,  and  the  scapula  and 
hip  are  sometimes  successfully  replaced. 

Stifle  dislocation  is  common  and  is  easily  remedied.     1. 


194  THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

Back  the  horse  forcibly  and  suddenly  and  somewhat  diag- 
onally a  few  paces.  2.  If  the  first  remedy  does  not  suc- 
ceed, fix  a  line  around  the  pastern,  the  other  end  passed 
over  the  neck.  Pull  the  limb  forward  till  the  fetlock  is 
nearly  as  high  as  the  elbow  on  the  same  side.  Press  the 
bone  forward  and  inward  with  a  jerk.  If  the  displace- 
ment is  inward,  which  is  rare  and  cannot  occur  without 
great  violence,  if  the  hand  is  not  strong  enough,  press 
the  bone  upward  and- outward  with  a  piece  of  wood. 

To  prev^ut  a  recurrence  of  the  dislocation,  keep  the 
horse  quiet — in  a  sling  if  necessary — applying  stimulants, 
blisters,  or  plasters.  A  wide  bandage,  with  a  hole  in  the 
middle  for  the  patella  (stifle),  and  laced  behind  the  limb, 
may  be  successfully  applied,  especially  if  the  skin  is  made 
adhesive  with  Canada  balsam.  Keep  the  limb  extended 
with  a  line  around  the  pastern  and  neck. 

Abate  inflammation  in  all  dislocations  by  hot  fomenta- 
tions or  cold  water. 

The  symptoms  of  dislocation  are  :  Change  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  dislocated  part — depression  at  joint,  prom- 
inence and  tenderness  at  the  then  place  of  lodgment; 
peculiar  noise  and  acute  pain  in  moving  the  part;  con- 
siderable swelling.  Compare  the  dislocated  part  with  the 
opposite  side. 

When  the  stifle  is  dislocated,  the.  symptoms,  in  addition 
to  the  above,  are:  Backward  protrusion  of  limb;  pastern 
and  foot  bent  to  utmost ;  cannot  be  straightened  ;  limb 
trailed,  describing  the  segment  of  a  circle  when  the  ani- 
mal moves. 


LAMENESSES 


CANKER 

Is  a  constitutional  disease  of  the  feet,  and  is  due  to  a 
habit  of  body  or  grossness  of  constitution,  as  exhibited 
by  thick,  round  legs,  large  feet,  and  the  lymphatic  tem- 
perament. It  usually  begins  in  the  frog,  but  it  may  be- 
gin in  any  other  part  of  the  plantar  surface.  It  much 
resembles  grease  of  the  leg,  and  often  coexists  with  it. 
There  is  an  abundant,  fetid,  colorless  discharge  from  the 
frog,  which  is  large,  spongy,  and  covered  by  pallid,  stringy 


Fi>.  12.     "Worst  stage  of  Canker.  Fig.  13.     Improvement  in  Canker. 


prominences  of  a  fungoid  nature,  intermixed  with  an  of- 
fensive smelling,  semi-dried,  cheesy  matter,  composed  of 
imperfect  horn  cells.  The  sound  feet  of  a  horse  predis- 
posed to  canker  very  often  have  an  abominable  smell,  as 
if  the  animal  suffered  from  a  "  sulphurated  hydrogen 
diathesis."     (Williams.) 

Remedy. — Remove   all  superfluous  horn   and   fungous 
growths.     Dress    with    silver   nitrate,   chromic    acid,    zinc 


196  THE   DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 

chloride  solution,  or  sulphuric  acid  and  tar.  In  persist- 
ent cases  caustics  and  astringents  must  be  changed  fre- 
quently. Tonics  and  salines.  Liberal  diet.  Cleanliness. 
Pressure  to  fetlock  for  bleeding.  Pack  with  dry  tow; 
bandage ;  protect  with  leather  boot.  For  doses,  see  pages 
13  to  29. 

THRUSH 

Is  a  fetid  discharge  from  the  frog.  The  cleft  is  usually 
first  affected.  If  neglected  the  disease  spreads  over  the 
whole  organ,  the  horn  becoming  detatched  from  the  bulbs 
of  the  heels  to  the  toe  of  the  frog.  The  cause  is  usually 
filth,  but  the  disease  may  originate  in  frost-bite,  grease, 
swelled  legs,  &c. 

Thrush  differs  from  canker  in  the  nature  of  the  dis- 
eased secretion,  and  also  in  its  course  and  tractability. 

Remedy. — Cleanliness.  A  leather  sole  may  be  placed 
within  the  shoe.  Dust  with  calomel.  Dress  with  tar  or 
wood  tar  oil.  Dose  of  physic,  especially  when  associated 
with  constitutional  causes.  Regulate  feeding  and  work. 
Shoe  with  tips  if  feet  strong  and  animal  works  chiefly  on 
land. 

BONE  SPAVIN 

Is  a  bony  tumor  on  the  inner  and  lower  part  of  the 
hock,  arising  from  inflammation  of  the  cuneiform  and 
metatarsal  bones,  terminating  usually  in  stiffness  of  one 
or  more  of  the  gliding  joints  of  the  hock.  It  is  very 
rare  on  the  outer  side  of  the  hock. 

Spavins  arise  from  causes  that  are  hereditary  or  consti- 
tutional and  local.  The  local  or  exciting  causes  are  sprains 
of  the  ligaments  and  concussion  of  the  bones.  One  fer- 
tile cause  is  the  alteration  of  the  direction  of  the  leg, 
induced  by  the  use  of  high  calkin ed  shoes.  These  high 
heels  alter  the  relative  position  of  the  limb,  from  the  hip 
downward,  and  cause  shocks  of  concussion  at  every  step. 

Remedy. — Rest.      Purgative   and   fomentations   where 


LAMENESSES.  197 

there  is  much  lameness.  In  young  horses  hasten  the  in- 
evitable stiffness  by  a  blister,  firing,  seton,  or  periosteot- 
omy (dividing  the  periosteum,  a  very  hard,  elastic  sub- 
stance next  to  the  bones  and  roots  of  the  teeth).  In  old 
horses  sometimes  incurable.     The  bone  softens. 

BOG  SPAVIN, 

When  caused  by  inflammation  of  the  joint,  is  a  tense, 
fluctuating  swelling,  accompanied  by  heat  and  pain.  This 
form  constitutes  unsoundness.  It  may  be  acute  or  chronic. 
In  the  acute  form  the  lameness  is  very  great,  with  fever, 
loss  of  condition,  and  the  ability  to  put  the  foot  to  the 
ground.     It  is  apt  to  end   in   ulceration  of  the  articular 


Fig.  14:.     Bog  Spavin,  or  distention  of  the  chief  synovial  membrane  of  the 

hock  joint. 

cartilage  and  partial  stiffness  of  the  joint.  Some  bog 
spavins,  however,  are  almost  harmless,  being  mere  dropsy 
of  the  articulation  (synovia  for  lubricating  joints),  arising 
from  some  fault  of  conformation. 

Remedy. — Rest;  in  severe  cases  sling.  High  heeled 
shoe.  Foment  when  hot  and  tender.  Cold  water  and  re- 
frigerants when  inflammation  abates.  Spring  truss  in 
young  animals  sometimes  gives  equable  pressure.  Counter- 
irritittion  encourages  absorption.  Firing-iron  or  seton  in 
chronic  cases. 

THOROUGH-PIN   OF  THE   HOCK 

Is  a  small,  roundish  or  oval,  membranous  cavity  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  thigh  and  upper  and  back  part  of  the. 


198  THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 

hock,  caused  by  disease  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  pedis 
perforans  muscle,  which  muscle  is  inclosed  in  a  synovial 
sheath  on  the  inner  side  of  the  '  os  calcis/  or  by  dropsy 
of  the  sheath  itself,  without  disease  of  the  tendon.  The 
fluid  which  fills  it  may,  by  pressure,  be  forced  from  one 
side  to  the  other.  Hence  the  name  thorough-pin  (through 
and  through).  This  may  be  described  as  true  thorough- 
pin,  in  contradistinction  to  that  associated  with  very  large 
bog  spavins.  Thorough-pin  is  peculiar  to  short,  fleshy, 
upright  hocks. 


Fig.  75.     Spring  Truss  for  Thorough-pin  and  Bog  Spavin. 

Remedy. — Eest;  high  heeled  shoe;  flannel  bandages. 
Equable  pressure  from  a  spring  truss.  Blister  if  swelling 
persists.    Open  sac  at  most  dependent  part  if  necessary. 

THOROUGH-PIN  OF  THE   KNEE 

Consists  in  swelling  of  the  sheath  containing  the  per- 
foratis  and  perforans  tendons,  at  the  back  and  a  little 
above  the  knee  joint,  and  is  treated  similarly  to  thorough- 
pin  of  the  hock. 

SPLINT 

Is  a  bony  tumor  (exostosis),  usually,  when  on  the  fore 
feet,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  metatarsal  or  metacar- 
pal bones.  Splint  of  the  hind  feet,  however,  is  usually 
on  the  outer  surface  of  the  metatarsal  bone.  It  seldom 
causes  lameness  in  the  hind  feet,  and  does  not  always 
cause  it  in  the  fore, 


LAMENESSES. 


199 


Splint  is  caused  by  concussion  and  hereditary  predispo- 
sition, especially  that  arising  from  shape  and  form  of  leg. 
The  effects  of  concussion  may  be  due  to  the  immature 
age  of  the  bone,  shape  of  leg,  method  of  shoeing,  or 
overwork  or  speed  when  young. 


Fig.  76. 


Splints  (fine  points  of 
bone). 


Fig.  7  7.     "Dishing,"  while  on  the 

trot,  caused  by  irritation  from 

fine -points  of  bone. 


Remedy. — In  slight  cases  stop  fast  work.  Half  dose 
physic.  Foment  and  then  blister.  In  severe  cases  peri- 
osteotomy. Pyro-puncture  preferable  to  firing,  as  it  does 
not  blemish.  Mercuric  iodide  ointment  usually  reduces 
deposit. 

STRINGHALT  (CHOREA), 

Is  a  spasmodic  movement  of  the  muscles  of  the  limbs, 
usually  the  hind. 

Incurable.  Eemove  any  spavin  or  other  adverse  condi- 
tion. Temporary  benefit  results  from  a  laxative,  a  course 
of  bromides,  and  moderate  work.  •  Stretching  and  section 
of  the  tibial  nerves  are  of  no  avail. 

Other  muscles  are  subject  to  spasmodic  action,  especi- 
ally those  of  the  spine, 


200 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 


CURB 

Is  a  sprain  or  injury  of  the  straight  ligament  of  the 
hock,  causing  enlargement  of  the  joint.  It  is  apt  to  cause 
lameness  in  young  horses,  and,  when  of  fresh  origin,  in 
horses  of  any  age.  But  when  of  long  standing,  and  merely 
the  result  of  former  disease,  lameness  rarely  ensues.  The 
form  of  hock  the  reverse  of  that  liable  to  thorough-pin 
is  the  one  predisposed  to  curb. 


Fig.  18.     Curb. 


Fig.  19.     India-rubber  bandage  for 
keeping  wet  cloths  on  Curb. 


Remedy. — Foment;  lead  acetate  solution  ;  refrigerants. 
Counter-irritants ;  mercuric  or  iodide  ointment ;  charges 
(plasters).  High  heeled  shoe;  no  toe  pieces.  Rest  for 
several  months,  especially  in  young  horses. 

CORNS 

Are  bruises  of  the  secreting  sole.  They  occur  almost 
invariably  on   the   inside  heel  of  the  fore  feet,  and  are 


Fig.  80.   Old  Corn.   Fig.  81.   New  Corn.  Fig.  82.  Test  for  Corns. 

caused  by  bad  shoeing.     They  are  not  horn  tumors,  but 


LAMENESSES. 


201 


may  become   such.     Sometimes   they  end  in  suppuration, 
partial  necrosis,  or  bony  spiculae. 

Remedy. — Remove  shoe,  pare  to  relieve  pressure  and 
insure  exit  of  pus.  Poultices  soften  sole  and  abate  ten- 
derness. Use  light  shoe  with  wide  web.  Shoe  strong  feet 
with  tips. 

FOUNDER  (LAMINITIS), 

Is  inflammation  of  the  feet.  It  is  a  dreadful  disease, 
and  may  be  caused  by  concussion  as  well  as  gastric  de- 
rangement (overeating).  It  is  sometimes  communicated 
to  the  feet  by  other  diseases,  in  which  case  the  whole  body 
is  affected,  and  tlu  mane  and  tail  as  well  as  hoofs  are 
sometimes  shed. 


rt^ 


Fie:.  83.     Founder. 


Remedy. — Remove  shoes.  Thin  horn.  Bed  box  with 
several  inches  of  chaff  or  cut  straw.  Foment  or  poultice, 
hot ;  cold  bran  poultice  over  entire  foot  sometimes  bet- 
ter than  hot.  Bleed  from  jugular  or  toe  if  severe,  espe- 
cially if  caused  by  concussion.  Repeated  small  doses  of 
aconite,  niter  or  other  salines  for  fever.  Half  dose  physic 
and  laxative  injections  if  needed.    Vapor  bath  often  ser- 


202  THE    DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 

viceable.  When  inflammation  is  subdued,  removal  of  ex- 
udate is  hastened  by  cold  applications;  later  by  blisters 
to  coronet;  occasionally  by  frog  setons.  Keep  heels  low, 
toes  short.     Stout,  wide-webbed,  long-barred  shoes. 

If  convexity  and  weakness  of  the  sole  result  ('  Pumiced 
Foot '),  use  bar  shoe  with  wide  web.  Lessen  concussion 
by  tar  dressing  and  leather  soles.     Stimulate  coronet. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

MALLENDERS  AND  SALLENDERS 

Are  forms  of  psoriasis  (scaly  itch),  which  see.  They 
are  situated  on  the  flexures  of  the  knee  and  hock,  that 
is,  mallenders  appear  on  the  back  of  the  knee,  sallenders 
on  the  front  of  the  hock.  At  first  they  are  only  scurfy 
patches,  but  exhibiting  considerable  irritability.  If  neg- 
lected, they  degenerate  into  troublesome  sores,  with  foul 
discharges. 


in 


Pig.  84.     Mallenders.  Fig.  85.     Sallenders. 

Remedy. — Soft  soap  and  water,  mild  oils  and  bran 
poultices  remove  scales.  Boro-glycerine  or  zinc  oxide  oint- 
ment. Mercuric  nitrate  or  iodine  ointments  for  thicken- 
ing and  infiltration.  Tar  oils  for  chronic  cases.  Half  a 
dose  of  physic;  salines;  laxative  diet.  Iron  tonics  and 
arsenic  for  feeble,     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29, 


LAMENESSES.  203 

RINGBONE 

Is  a  bony  tumor  or  bony  deposit  around  the  pastern 
joint  or  coffin  joint,  or  both.  It  is  of  two  kinds — true 
and  false.     The  latter,  as  a  rule,  is  almost  harmless.     True 


Fig.  86.     High  Ringbone. 


ringbone  is  of  two  kinds— high  and  low.  They  are  not 
the  cause  but  the  result  of  disease,  especially  inflamma- 
tion of  the  bones  and  synovial  membranes, 


204 


THE   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE. 


SIDEBONE 

Is  ossification  of  the  lateral  cartilages  of  the  foot,  usu- 
ally the  fore  foot.  Its  causes  are  hereditary  tendency 
and  shoeing  with  high  calkins. 

Remedy. — Bar  shoe;  cold  applications.  Rest,  blisters, 
firing,  neurotomy  (dissection  and  also  section  of  a  nerve). 

SPRAIN  OF  THE  BACK  SINEWS 

Of  the  hind  legs  is  common  among  draft  horses,  especi- 
ally those  that  are  worked  on  hilly  roads.  The  heel  is 
hightened,  and  the  first  remedy  is  high  calkins  (Fig.  87). 
If  the  horse  is  worked,  the  foot  and  leg  assume  the  po- 
sition represented  in  Fig.  88. 

When  a  horse's  heel  hightens,  examine  the  back  sinews. 
Feel  them  gently  to  discover  if  one  place  is  tenderer, 
harder,  or  even   slightly  warmer  than  another.     If  this 


Fig.  8*7.     High  calkins  for  Sprain 
of  the  Back  Sinews. 


Fig.  88.     The  result  of  work 
after  the  sprain. 


fails,  pinch  them  hard  and  run  the  fingers  down  them, 
marking  the  part  that  causes  flinching.  Healthy  tendon 
will  endure  any  amount  of  pressure ;  diseased  tendon  is 
acutely  sensitive.  Cut  the  hair  short  and  keep  the  part 
constantly  damp  with  a  linen  bandage.  Do  not  blister, 
bleed,  seton,  or  fire,     It  requires  from  three  to  six  months 


LAMENESSES. 


205 


to  effect  a  cure.    The  only  remedy  for  a  badly  contracted 
tendon  is  its  division,  but  the  operation  weakens  the  part. 

WINDGALLS 

Are  soft  swellings  of  the  fetlock  joints,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  contain  air.  They  really  contain  joint  oil.  They 
are  sometimes  as  large  as  walnuts. 


Fig.  89.    Windfalls,  before  dissection. 


Fig.  90.     After  dissection. 


Remedy. — Equable  pressure  by  flannel  or  wash  leather 
bandages.  Bandages  wetted  with  white  lotion  (f  ounce 
of  zinc  sulphate,  1  ounce  lead  acetate,  in  quart  of  water). 
Rest,  hand  rubbing,  blisters.  Shoe  so  as  to  prevent  con- 
cussion. 

SEEDY  TOE 

Consists  in  the  formation  of  a  cheesy  or  mealy  and 
therefore  imperfect  horn,  which  is  incapable  of  maintain- 
ing the  union  between  the  outer  wall  and  lamina?.  When 
the  defective  horn  shrinks,  a  crack  is  left  for  the  recep- 
tion of  dirt.  When  not  caused  by  inflammation  or  press- 
ure of  the  shoe  clip,  it  originates  in  some  inherent  cause, 
such  as  weak  feet,  &c.     Lameness  is  not  invaribly  present. 

Remedy. — Remove  diseased  parts;  promote  growth  of 
healthy  horn  by  blisters  and  moisture.  Bar  shoes;  sole 
pressure ;    remove  shoe  clips. 


20G 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE   HORSE. 


NAVICULAR  DISEASE  (Grogginess), 

Is  a  rarifying  inflammation  of  the  navicular  bone,  with 
death  of  the  articular  cartilages  and  surrounding  structures. 
The  tendon  of  the  flexor  pedis  perforans  muscle  is  subse- 
quently inflamed  and  becomes  adherent  to  the  navicular 
bone.  Concussion  and  rheumatic  predisposition  are  be- 
lieved to  be  the  chief  causes.     (Dun.) 

It  is  the  most  fertile  cause  of  lameness,  and  is  the  bane 
of  horse  flesh.  Strain  or  laceration  of  the  tendon  is  never 
a  primary  condition.    The  disease  begins  as  an  inflamma- 


Fig.  91  represents  the  phalangeal  bones  in  their  naturally  oblique  position. 
The  upper  part  of  the  long  pastern  bone  (a),  to  toe  of  os  pedis  (c),  is  a 
continuously  oblique  line.  This  obliquity  of  position  enables  the  bone 
to  act  as  a  spring,  modifying  concussion  and  giving  elasticity  of  step  and 
freedom  from  jar.  The  coronary  bone  (1>)  rests  entirely  on  the  os  pedis. 
.  The  navicular  bone  (d),  placed  posteriorly,  bears  no  weight,  but  gives 
increased  leverage  power  to  the  tendon  (e).  This  bone,  like  the  sesa- 
moids, is  a  muscular  appendage,  and  is  not  intended  to  support  weight. 
Compare  with  Fig.  92  on  opposite  page. 

tion  of  the  cancellated  structure  of  the  navicular  bone, 
or  of  the  cartilage  on  its  inferior  surface.  It  is  caused 
by  the  rheumatoid  diathesis  (taint),  concussion,  and  change 


LAMEKESSES. 


207 


in  the  relative  position  of  the  navicular  bones,  brought 
about  by  turned  down,  calkined,  or  thick  heeled  shoes. 
(Williams.) 

Remedy. — Remove  shoes  and  allow  frog  to  come  to 
the  ground.  Stand  in  cold  water  or  apply  cold  wet  swabs 
for  several  hours  daily.     Poultice  at  night.     Physic  and 


Fig.  92  represents  the  bones  after  their  naturally  oblique  position  has  been 
changed  to  an  almost  perpendicular  position  by  thick  heeled  shoes. 
The  lower  end  of  the  os  coronae  (b)  rests  partly  on  the  navicular  (d), 
instead  of  wholly  on  the  pedal  bone  (c) ;    hence  the  disease. 

cooling  diet.  After  2  or  3  weeks  blister  coronet  lightly. 
If  necessary  seton  frog  for  3  or  4  weeks.  If  disease  still 
persists,  relegate  to  slow  work ;  shoes  without  heels  or  toe 
piece,  or  try  neurotomy.  Concussion  is  diminished  by 
shoeing  with  leather  and  using  shoes  thick  in  quarters 
and  thin  at  toe  and  heels. 


208 


THE   DISEASES   OF  THE  HORSE. 


HORN  TUMOR  (KERATOMA), 

Is  caused  either  by  pressure  of  the  toe  clip  of  the  shoe, 
the  clip  having  been  hammered  too  tightly  by  the  smith, 
or  by  the  animal  striking  the  toe  against  the  ground. 
These  tumors  are  analogous  to  corns  in  the  human  feet, 
and  consist  of  an  increased  secretion  of  horn.  They  are 
peculiar  to  the  hind  feet,  but  they  are  not  uncommon  in 
the  fore. 


&..... 


Fig.  93.     Keratoma,     a,  horn  tumor. 

Remedy. — First  try  properly  adjusted  shoes.  If  this 
fails,  isolate  the  diseased  part  by  grooving,  as  in  the  pro- 
cess of  '  stripping/  but  leave  the  horn  unstripped.  Strip- 
ping consists  in  the  removal  of  the  whole  of  the  crust 
immediately  over  the  diseased  part,  by  cutting  through  it 
on  either  side  from  top  to  bottom,  detaching  it  from  the 
sole,  and  tearing  it  off,  leaving  the  sensitive  parts  ex- 
posed.    This  cruel  treatment  should  never  be  resorted  to 


LAMENESSES.  209 

except  where  all  other  means  have  failed,  for  it  is  liable 
to  be  followed  by  evil  results. 

CAPPED   HOCK 

Is  of  two  kinds — synovial  and  serous.  The  synovial  ap- 
pears as  a  tense,  fluctuating  swelling,  on  both  sides  of  the 
point  of  the  hock.  It  causes  lameness  and  sometimes 
abscesses  from  caries  of  the  bone.  The  serous  (a  watery 
abscess)  is  caused  by  pressure  or  violence,  especially  kick- 
ing. It  is  unsightly  when  large.  It  sometimes  causes 
lameness. 


Fig.  94.     Capped  Hock.  Fig.  95.   Large  specimen  of  same. 

Remedy0 — Hot  fomentations;  then  stimulate  by  can- 
tharides  liniment  or  mercuric  iodide  ointment;  soft  soap 
rubbed  in  dailya  Equable  pressure  sometimes  applied  by 
truss.  Evacuate  serous  abscess;  inject  cavity  with  iodine 
or  astringents.  In  bursal  form  of  capped  hock  use  shoe 
raised  at  heel. 

Treat  Capped  Knee  and  Capped  Elbow  the  same  as 
Capped  Hock. 

SANDCRACK 

Consists  of  a  fissure  of  greater  or  less  extent  in  any  part 
of  the  foot,  but  usually  in  the  inner  quarters  of  the  fore 
and  the  toes  of  the  hind  feet.  The  crack  opens  and  closes 
at  every  step,  causing  great  pain  and  sometimes  bleeding. 
Some  horses  seem  to  be  predisposed  to  the  disorder,  but 
the  cause  is  usually  bad  shoeing.  Sandcrack  never  unites. 
A  new  crust  must  be  cultivated. 


210  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

Remedy. — Remove  shoe,  bottom  crack,  clear  away  dirt, 
and  allow  pus,  if  any,  to  escape.  Foment,  poultice,  rest. 
Laxative  when  there  is  much  pain  and  lameness.  "When 
these  are  abated,  pare  away  upper  part  of  cracked  horn, 
cutting  off  connection  with  secreting  coronary  substance. 
Bar  shoe,  made  to  relieve  cracked  horn  from  pressure  and 
concussion.  When  work  is  resumed,  plug  the  crack  with 
gutta-percha  to  keep  out  dirt.  Hold  split  parts  together 
by  clasp,  or  by  nails  driven  on  the  sides,  with  wire  wrap- 
ped tightly  around  them.  '  Stripping '  in  extreme  cases 
only. 

PUMICE  FOOT 

Is  a  deformity  caused  by  hard  work.  A  horse  reared 
on  marshy  land  usually  has  weak  feet,  which  are  soon 
deformed  if  it  is  worked  on  stony  roads  or  streets.  The 
symptoms  are  bulging  sole,  weak  crust,  strong  bars,  and 
good  frog.  The  hoof  is  marked  by  rings,  the  pastern  be- 
ing long  and  slanting.  (Mayhew).  Dun  says  the  disorder 
is  caused  by  laminitis  (described  on  page  201). 

Remedy. — Bar  shoe  of  the  dish  kind,  with  wide  web. 
Leather  soles  to  lessen  concussion.     Stimulate  coronet. 

SHIVERING  OR  JINKBACK 

Is  imperfect  motor  power  or  weakness  of  the  back  and 
loins,  and  is  usually  shown  in  backing  or  turning  a  horse 
rapidly.  The  forward  movement  may  be  natural.  It  is 
probably  caused  by  disease  of  the  spinal  cord,  but  it  may 
possibly  sometimes  be  hereditary. 

Remedy. — Treatment  is  of  little  avail.  Light  work 
without  weight  on  back.  Sling  at  night  (for  rest)  if  nec- 
essary. 


AGE. 


211 


l-rear-Old,  Lower  Jaw  {Brandt). 


2-Year-Oid,  Lower  Jaw  j  drawn  from  Nature. 


8-Year-Old,  Lower  Jaw;  drawn  from  Nature. 


212 


AGE. 


4- Year-Old,  Lower  Jaw ;  drawn  from  Nature. 


5-Year-Old,  Lower  Jaw :  drawn  from  Nature. 


AGE. 


213 


6- Year-Old,  Lower  Jaw ;  drawn  from  Nature. 


7- Year-Old,  Lower  Jaw  {Brandt). 


214 


AGE. 


8-Year-Old,  Upper  Jaw  {Walsh).    About  %  nat.  size. 


9- Year-Old,  Upper  Jaw  (Walsh).    About  %  nat.  size. 


10-Year-Old,  Upper  Jaw  (Walsh).    About  %  nat.  size. 


AGE. 


215 


11  years,  Upper  Jaw.    The  marks  Lave  disappeared. 

e 


The  Mark,  dissected  as  it 
were.     (See  page  221.) 


c,  The  Dentinal  star,  some- 
times mistaken  for  the 
mark.     (See  page  221.) 


12  years,  Lower  Jaw.  Change  in  shape  is  now  clearly  defined. 
The  respective  pairs  (centrals,  dividers,  corners)  assume  in  turn 
(from  13  years  till  old  age)  various  shapes — semi-square,  rounded, 
triangular,  wedge-shaped,  etc. 


216 


AGE. 


13  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


14  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


15  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


217 


16  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


18  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


19  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


213 


AGE. 


20  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


21  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


22  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


23  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


AGE. 


219 


24  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


25  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


26  years,  Lower  Jaw. 


27  years,  Upper  Jaw- 


220 


AGE. 


years,  Upper  Jaw. 


29  years,  Upper  Jaw. 


A  Parrot-Mouth  (lower  jaw).  The  ten  lines  represent  ten 
years'  growth.  The  marks,  having  never  been  worn,  represent 
a  6-year-old.  The  horse  is  therefore  16  years  old.  (This  cut, 
as  well  as  many  of  the  preceding,  is  from  Brandt's  "Age  of 
Horses.") 


THE    MARK   AND    DENTINAL   STAR. 

(Illustrated  on  page  215.) 

The  mark  (also  called  central  enamel,  infundibulum, 
&c. )  is  composed  of  enamel,  the  hardest  of  the  three  con- 
stituent parts  of  the  teeth — enamel,  dentine,  and  cement. 

The  dentinal  star,  so  called  because  it  is  composed  of 
dentine,  appears  about  the  ninth  year.  It  has  a  yellow 
tint,  which  is  the  best  means  of  distinguishing  it  from 
the  mark.  Its  appearance  is  accounted  for  as  follows : 
When  the  tooth  wears  nearly  to  the  pulp  or  nerve  cavity, 
the  pulp  becomes  gradually  converted  into  dentine,  fill- 
ing the  upper  part  of  the  cavity  from  the  inside  as  per- 
fectly as  a  dentist  can  fill  a  cavity  from  the  outside.  The 
star  is  visible  eight  or  ten  years.  After  it  is  worn  out, 
there  will  be  a  cavity  of  course. 


Fig.  96.     Skeleton  of  Cow. 


PART    II. 


THE    DISEASES    OF    CATTLE, 


CONTAGIOUS  PLEUROPNEUMONIA, 

Also  called  lung  disease,  pulmonary  murrain,  zymotic 
or  epizootic  pleuro-pneumonia,  &c,  is  an  incurable  febrile 
disease.  Gresswell  says  it  is  believed  to  be  generated  by 
and  due  to  a  definite  micrococcus  (mite).  It  may  be  acute, 
subacute,  or  chronic. 

Symptoms. — Elevation  of  temperature  or  a  slight  cough 
is  usually  the  first  sign.  The  temperature  will  range  from 
100  to  107°.  Shiverings;  hair  stands  wrong  way;  slight 
loss  of  appetite ;  breathing  difficult  and  laborious ;  nos- 
trils dilated ;  flanks  heave ;  mouth  hot ;  muzzle  dry ;  gums 
pale,  lilac  color;  walls  of  chest,  rib  spaces,  and  back  from 
withers  to  loins  more  or  less  sensitive  to  pressure ;  appe- 
tite worse;  milk  diminishes;  emaciation  begins;  bowels 
irregular;  watery  or  sticky  discharge  from  nostrils;  ab- 
normal sounds  in  bronchial  tubes  and  mucous  rattle  over 
lungs ;  cough  worse  ;  back  arched  and  head  and  neck  ex- 
tended when  coughing. 

In  what  is  called  the  second  stage,  these  symptoms  are 
intensified  and  others  appear:  Death  sometimes  occurs  in 
the  first  stage. 

Remedy. — Slaughter  and  general  and  thorough  disin- 
fection of  premises.  Vaccination  and  inoculation  should 
be  left  to  the  veterinarian. 


224  THE   DISEASES  OP  CATTLE. 

i  Sporadic  Pleuro-Pueumonia '  is  described  by  Gresswell. 
He  says  it  is  "  amenable  to  judicious  treatment." 

FOOT  AND  MOUTH   DISEASE, 

Also  called  eczema  contagiosa,  eczema  epizootica,  epi- 
zootic aphtha,  aphthous  fever,  murrain,  epidemic,  &c,  is 
a  highly  contagious  and  infectious  febrile  disease,  associ- 
ated with  a  vesicular  erujotion  in  the  mouth,  between 
the  pedal  digits,  and  around  the  coronets.  In  some  cases 
the  mouth  only  is  affected ;  in  others  the  feet  only.  In 
milk  cows  the  mammary  glands  and  lactiferous  ducts  are 
sometimes  affected.  When  this  is  the  case,  the  milk  is 
unfit  for  use  for  either  man  or  beast,  for  it  may  cause 
eruptions  in  the  mouth,  larynx,  pharynx,  and  alimentary 
canal.  Sheep,  goats,  swine,  dogs,  poultry,  and  even  hu- 
man beings  are  liable  to  the  disease. 

Dr.  Klein  says  the  disease  is  due  to  micrococci  (mites). 
Mild  cases  require  little  treatment,  as  the  disease  runs  a 
definite  course  and  ends  in  recovery  in  about  a  week. 

Remedy. — Salicylate  sodium,  3  drams,  spirit  nitrous 
ether,  1  fluid  oz.,  water,  7  oz.,  twice  daily. 

Sulphite  sodium,  3  drams,  water  8  oz.,  2  or  3  times 
daily. 

Sulphite   sodium,  3   drams,   aniseeds,  1   oz.,  fenugreek, 

1  oz.,  in  food  3   times  daily,  when  other  medicines  are 
not  given. 

Gargles  :  1.  Boric  acid,  1  part,  glycerine,  5  fluid  parts, 
water,  11  parts,  several  times  daily.  2.  Acid  solution  ni- 
trate mercury,  4  drops,  water,  1  oz.,  several  times  daily. 
3.  Permanganate  potassium,  3   to   4  grains,  water,  1  oz., 

2  or  3  times  daily. 

Ointments  for  feet  and  teats  :  1.  Boric  acid,  1  part, 
vaselin,  3  parts,  lard,  3  parts.  2.  Carbolic  acid,  1  part, 
lard  or  vaselin,  30  parts.  3.  Iodoform,  20  grains,  oil 
eucalyptus,  20  drops,  carbolic  acid,  20  drops,  lard  or  vas- 
elin, 1£  oz.     Latter  especially  good  for  sores  and  ulcers. 


GENERAL   DISEASES.  225 

TUBERCULAR   CONSUMPTION   (TUBERCU- 
LOSIS), 

Which  is  so  prevalent  among  cattle,  is  doubtless  caused 
by  a  bacillus  (atmospheric  mite).  It  may  be  found,  says 
Gresswell,  that  bovine  tuberculosis  can  be  stamped  out  as 
cattle  plague,  foot  and  mouth  disease,  sheep  scab,  pleuro- 
pneumonia, and  rabies  can.  There  are  indications  that 
protective  inoculation  with  tubercular  matter  obtained 
from  fowl  which  have  died  of  the  disease  will  throw  light 
on  a  method  of  prevention. 

Symotoms. — In  well  developed  cases  the  ox  is  emaci- 
ated ;  sluggish  movements ;  dull  look ;  eyes  sunken  ;  skin 
dry  and  adheres  to  ribs ;  hair  lacks  healthy  luster  and  is 
often  damp ;  slight  exertion  causes  sweating,  laborious 
breathing,  and  great  distress;  great  weakness,  sometimes 
even  lowering  the  head  to  the  ground  for  relief ;  mem- 
branes of  mouth  and  other  orifices  pale  yellow;  appetite 
capricious  and  less  than  in  health ;  dejections  (excrements) 
bad;  stomach  may  be  more  or  less  distended  with  gas; 
constipation  and  diarrhea  may  alternate;  coughs  up  a 
viscid,  usually  inodorous,  but  sometimes  offensive  matter, 
which  may  contain  yellowish  cheesy  flakes,  &c. 

Remedy.— Well  developed  cases  are  incurable.  In  mild 
attacks  fatten  and  slaughter.  In  milk  cows,  stop  milk- 
ing ;  give  fattening  food,  such  as  oil  cake  and  good  hay ; 
avoid  grasses  and  roots.  If  there  are  any  ulcerating  scrof- 
ulous glands,  dress  with  carbolic  acid  and  chalk  or  some 
other  antiseptic. 

CARBUNCULAR  FEVER  (ANTHRAX), 

Also  called  Texas  fever,  splenic  fever,  trembles,  char- 
bon,  blain,  &c,  is  supposed  to  be  the  disease  referred  to 
in  Exodus,  chapter  ix,  as  the  "  boil  which  came  forth  as 
blains  upon  man  and  beast  throughout  all  Egypt."  (Rob- 
ertson.) 


226  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

The  disease  is  contagious,  very  rapid  in  its  course,  and 
is  caused  by  the  vegetable  organism  bacillus  anthracis.  It 
is  both  enzootic  and  epizootic,  occurring  whenever  and 
wherever  conditions  favor  the  growth  of  the  germs,  one 
of  which  is  rainy  weather  followed  by  heat. 


Fig.  97.     Gloss-Anthrax  or  Blain,  early  stage. 

Symptoms. — Stops  feeding  and  chewing  cud  suddenly; 
shivers;  moves  stiffly  and  unsteadily;  limbs  rigid;  soon 
falls  and  is  unable  to  move ;  may,  however,  stand  for  a 
while,  back  curved.  The  spleen  is  usually  especially  af- 
fected, but  sometimes  it  is  the  bowels ;  severe  convulsions 
are  not  uncommon ;  tenacious  mucus  flows  from  mouth  ; 
tongue  becomes  of  a  darker  hue ;  belly  distended ;  passes 
liquid  and  blood-stained  excreta  and  sometimes  a  large 
quantity  of  dark  blood ;  blood  sometimes  flows  from  nos- 
trils ;  white  of  eyes  become  dark  red ;  eyes  sink  in  orbit ; 
tears  flow  over  face,  &c. 

Death  may  follow  in  a  few  minutes,  hours,  or  a  day. 
Recovery  is  rare. 

Remedy. — Sulphite  sodium,  3  drams,  salicylate  sodium, 
3  drams,  tincture  aconite  (B.  P.),  40  drops,  water  a  suf- 
ficient quantity,  every  4  hours. 

Liquified  carbolic  acid,  30  drops,  gentian,  2  oz.,  ani- 
seed, 2  oz.,  in  pint  of  water  every  4  hours. 


GENERAL   DISEASES. 


227 


Mix  12  oz.  (ounces)  each  of  carbolic  acid  and  sodium 
bicarbonate  with  4  fluid  oz.  of  glycerine ;  give  2  table- 
spoonfuls  of  the  mixture  in  a  quart  of  water  3  times  daily. 
The  latter  mixture  is  much  used  in  America. 

Kill  all  hopelessly  sick  cattle  and  bury  the  carcasses  6 
feet  deep,  spreading  quick  lime  over  them.  Disinfect 
premises  and  everything  used  in  treating  the  sick.  Sep- 
arate sick  from  well. 

BLACK-LEG  OR   BLACK  QUARTER, 

Also  called  symptomatic  anthrax,  quarter  ill,  inflamma- 
tory fever,  carbuncular  erysipelas,  emphysema  infectuo- 
sum,  speed,  Chabert's  disease,  &c,  is  a  very  fatal  and  in- 
fectious disease.  It  is  caused  by  a  rod-like  germ  very 
similar  to  the  '  bacillus  anthracis/ 

The  disease  is  peculiar  to  calves  and  cattle  under  two 
years  of  age.  Setoning  the  dew-lap  (fold  of  skin  on 
throat),  first  dressing  the  seton  with  black  oil,  is  said  to 
be  an  almost  certain  preventive.  Recovery  from  this  dis- 
ease is  rare.  Death  usually  occurs  in  two  or  three  days 
from  blood  poisoning. 


Fig.  98.     Three-jointed,  sharp  Seton  Needle. 

Symptoms. — Dull;  listless;  lame  in  one  or  two  limbs, 
either  hind  or  fore ;  appetite  fails ;  stops  chewing  cud ; 
thirst;  head  protruded;  white  of  eye  bloodshot;  mouth 
hot ;  moans ;  if  forced  to  move,  staggers  and  drops  down ; 
constipated  ;  then  feces  become  soft  and  tinged  with  blood  ; 
skin   dry  and    rough ;    harsh   and   staring  coat ;    urine,  at 


228  THE   DISEASES   OP   CATTLE. 

first  high  colored,  becomes  deeply  blood  stained ;  loins, 
back,  ribs  tender;  painful  swellings  at  fetlock,  knee 
joint,  hock  joint,  stifle,  elbow,  or  shoulder,  which  may 
soon  mortify,  &c. 

Remedy. — Gentle  laxative,  then  sulphite  sodium,  1 
dram,  salicylate  sodium,  1  dram,  wate.r  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity, every  6  hours. 

Incise  and  dress  tumors,  if  large,  with  carbolic  acid,  1 
part,  water,  25.  Good  hay,  mashes,  linseed,  or  oatmeal 
gruel.     Drain  wet  pastures. 

CATTLE    PLAGUE 

Is  a  contagious  febrile  disease,  and  is  probably  caused 
by  a  micrococcus.     It  is  peculiar  to  Asia. 

ACTINOMYCOSIS, 

Known  in  the  past  as  cancerous,  scrofulous,  or  schirrous 
tongue,  in  Germany  as  wooden  tongue  and  throat  boil,  is 
characterized  by  tumors  of  various  size  and  shape  on  the 
tongue,  jaw,  tooth  sockets,  bones,  and  soft  tissues  of  the 
head,  from  which  parts  it  may  spread.  It  is  described  as 
"a  new  and  infectious  disease  of  animals  and  man."  In 
cattle  it  is  due  to  a  fungus  called  '  actinomyces '  (ray 
fungus).  Moldy  straw,  barley,  or  chaff,  especially  if  the 
mouth  be  sore  or  lacerated,  is  liable  to  cause  the  disease. 
Moldy  foods  usually  contain  vegetable  parasites.  As  in 
foot  and  mouth  disease,  an  ox  will  slaver  and  champ  and 
chew  its  hay,  but  will  usually  eject  it.  But  it  will  eat 
mashes  and  linseed  gruel. 

Remedy. — Incise  the  tumors  and  then  apply  the  fol- 
lowing mixture  :  Iodine,  1  part,  carbolic  acid,  4  fluid  parts, 
glycerine,  4  fluid  parts.  Tincture  of  iodine,  plain  or  di- 
luted with  alcohol  (methylated  or  not),  will  answer. 

Gargle  :  Acid  solution  nitrate  mercury,  8  drops,  water, 
1  oz.     Will  do  for  wash  also  after  incision  of  tumors. 

Tonics  if  necessary.     Soft,  nutritious  food. 


general  diseases.  229 

RABIES   OR    HYDROPHOBIA. 

(See  page  50.) 

COW-POX   VARIOLA   VACCIN/E), 

Affects  the  udder  and  teats  of  cows  chiefly.  The  rash 
consists  of  small,  pale  red,  hard  pustules,  varying  in  size 
from  a  pea  to  a  horse-bean.  The  pustules  are  converted 
into  vesicles  containing  a  viscid,  yellow  fluid.  These 
gradually  increase  in  size,  until  in  about  eight  and  a  half 
days  they  are  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
In  the  center  they  have  a  light  blue  tint,  but  toward  the 
margin  they  are  reddish  blue  or  yellow.  Their  contents 
now  become  purulent.  The  center  is  usually  depressed, 
and  a  crust  begins  to  form  there,  gradually  extending  to 
the  periphery.  The  border  is  hard,  swollen,  and  painful 
and  a  red  areola  forms,  together  with  much  thickening 
under  the  skin. 

About  the  fourteenth  clay  a  scab,  which  is  thick,  dark, 
adherent,  and  shining,  is  formed,  and  about  the  fifteenth 
day  it  becomes  detatched,  having  a  depressed  scar,  which 
is  at  first  bluish  red,  but  gradually  turns  pale,  and  per- 
sists for  a  long  time. 

The  febrile  symptoms  are  very  slight  and  usually  un- 
important. The  infection  is  not  dangerous.  A  partial 
loss  of  appetite,  an  abstention  from  chewing  the  cud, 
trifling  constipation,  diminution,  and  deterioration  of  the 
milk  are  observable.  The  udder  is  swollen,  especially  near 
the  teats,  and  milking  causes  pain.  There  may  be  more 
than  one  eruption  of  pustules. 

The  disease  usually  lasts  about  seventeen  and  a  half 
days,  but  may  be  protracted  to  about  five  weeks,  during 
which  time  the  milk  is  unfit  for  use. 

Remedy. — Give  a  laxative  and  draw  off  milk  with  a 
siphon.  Draft :  Solution  acetate  ammonium,  4  fluid  oz., 
tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  40  drops,  water  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity, 3  times  daily. 


230 


THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 


DIPHTHERIA, 

Or  a  disease  resembling  it,  sometimes  affects  cattle. 

Symptoms. — Throat  sore  and  swollen;  coughing  spells; 
flow  of  saliva  from  mouth  and  mucus  from  nostrils;  ac- 
celerated breathing,  causing  a  crowing  sound  during  in- 
spiration; may  be  spasms  of  larynx,  especially  if  animal 
is  excited ;  great  debility  finally  supervenes ;  pulse,  at  first 
quick,  grows  weaker  and  weaker  as  the  disease  progresses ; 
cough  worse ;  about  the  third  day  lymph-casts  of  parts  of 
the  air  tubes,  or  flakes  of  lymph  at  least,  are  ejected. 


Fig.  99.     Steaming  apparatus  for  Diphtheria,  Catarrh,  Bronchitis,  &c.    See 
Fig.  100,  an  equally  good  and  simpler  method. 

Remedy. — Careful  nursing.  Liquid  food.  Steam  air 
passages  with  an  antiseptic  inhalation,  such  as  about  a 
teaspoonful  of  oil  of  eucalyptus  to  about  a  gallon  of  boil- 
ing water ;  a  free  supply  of  water  containing  about  a 
dram  of  chlorate  of  potassium  to  half  bucket  water.  Good 
air.  Salicylic  acid,  1  dram,  is  useful ;  also  same  quantity 
sulphite  sodium. 

Puncture  throat  if  there  is  danger  of  suffocation.  Ton- 
ics if  necessary. 


GENERAL   DISEASES.  231 

MALIGNANT   CATARRH, 

A  very  fatal  disease,  causing  death  in  from  three  to 
seven  days,  is  said  to  be  non-contagious  and  to  result 
from  inflammation  induced  by  exposure  to  cold.  (See 
•Catarrh/  the  simple  form,  page,  70.) 

Symptoms. — Shivering  fits;  dull  look;  membranes 
bluish  red ;  eyes  close ;  eyelids  swell ;  tears  flow  over 
cheeks;  painful,  frequent  cough;  feeble  pulse;  constipa- 
tion followed  by  diarrhea;  profuse  discharges  from  nos- 
trils and  mouth;    sometimes  the  horns  drop  off. 

Remedy. — Remove  to  warm  sheds.  Tincture  perchlo- 
ride  of  iron,  1  fluid  oz.,  salicine,  1  dram,  simple  sirup,  4 
fluid  oz.,  water  a  sufficient  quantity,  3  times  daily. 

Gargle  :  Acid  solution  nitrate  mercury,  6  drops,  water, 
1  oz.;  or,  permanganate  potassium,  3  to  4  grains,  water, 
1  oz. 


Fig.  100.     Steam-bag  for  Catarrh. 

Purge  if  necessary.  Inhale  steam  from  boiling  water, 
in  which  put  a  small  portion  of  oil  of  eucalyptus  or  car- 
bolic acid,  as  above  for  diphtheria.  Tonics  and  good  food 
during  convalescence, 


232  THE  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

RHEUMATISM, 

Like  tetanus  (lock-jaw),  is  practically  the  same  in  the 
ox  as  in  the  horse.     (See  page  63.) 

Remedy.— Tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  30  drops,  salicyl- 
ate sodium,  4  drams,  bicarbonate  potassium,  1  oz.,  water 
in  proportion,  every  6  hours.     Or,  tincture  colchicum,  \ 


Fig.  101.     Knee  joint  after  Chronic  Rheumatism. 


oz.,  tincture   aconite  (V.  P.),  30   drops,  bicarbonate  pot- 
assium, 1  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  every  6  hours. 

Liniment :  Alcohol,  1  pint,  ammonia,  i  oz.,  oil  orga- 
num,  ^  oz.,  oil  sassafras,  ^  oz.,  tincture  capsicum,  %  oz., 
tincture  opium,  -J  oz.,  spirit  turpentine,  -J  oz->  camphor, 
i  oz. 


GENERAL   DISEASES. 


233 


RICKETS   OR    RACHITIS   (Bone   Softening), 

When  not  hereditary,  is  caused  by  a  lack  of  health- 
giving  food.  It  is  peculiar  to  young  animals.  Give  l-£ 
to  3  drams  phosphate  of  lime  once  a  day,  or  cod  liver 
oil,  4  oz.,  lime  water,  2  oz.,  once  a  day.  Nutritious  diet 
and  pure  air.     (See  page  69.) 


Fig.  102.     Rickets  in  humerus  of  dog. 

BONE    BRITTLENESS   (FRAGILITAS   OSSIUM), 

Is  rare  except  in  districts  where  the  water  and  soil  are 
lacking  in  lime  salts  and  phosphates.  The  general  health 
is  affected  and  fractures  are  common. 

Remedy. — Change  pasture  and  water  and  feed  on  nu- 
tritious, phosphatic  foods.  The  salts  of  iron  are  .valuable 
tonics.     Sulphate  or  carbonate  of  iron  is  useful.,  but  the 


234  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

citrate  of  iron  and  ammonium,  in  2-dram  doses,  twice  a 
day,  is  even  better.  Vegetable  tonics  and  the  phosphate 
of  calcium  are  valuable.  Soft  water  seems  to  be  bad  for 
cows.     (See  i  Osteoporosis/  page  68. 

AN/EMIA   (Lack   of   Blood), 

Is  caused  by  underfeeding  or  unhealthy  food.  Prevent 
by  good  feeding,  and  if  medicine  is  necessary,  give  any 
of  the  following  : 

Powdered  gentian,  1-j-  oz.,  powdered  ginger,  -J  oz.,  gran- 
ulated sulphate  of  iron,  2  drams,  powdered  nux  vomica, 
40  grains,  powdered  capsicum,  -J  dram,  in  a  pint  of  water, 
gruel,  or  ale,  twice  daily. 

Powdered  gentian,  1  oz.,  powdered  ginger,  \  oz.,  car- 
bonate ammonium,  \  oz.,  carbonate  iron,  2  drams,  in  a 
pint  of  warm  water,  gruel,  or  ale,  twice  daily. 

Solution  hydrochlorate  strychnine,  2  drams,  tincture  cap- 
sicum, 4  drams,  tincture  perchloride  iron,  1  oz.,  in  pint 
of  warm  water  or  gruel,  once  daily. 

DIABETES, 

Though  rare,  is  practically  the  same  in  the  ox  as  in 
the  horse.  (See  page  63.)  The  remedies  should  be  the 
same  as  for  anasmia  (above),  giving  a  laxative  first  if  nec- 
essary. 

TETANUS   (LOCK-JAW), 

Is  not  as  common  in  the  ox  as  in  the  horse.  If  the 
jaws  are  not  too  firmly  locked,  give  bromide  potassium,  4 
drams,  anise  fruit,  4  drams,  in  warm  water  or  gruel,  thrice 
daily.     (See  page  53.) 

GOITER 

Is  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland,  and  is  caused  by 
water  obtained  from  magnesian  limestone.  It  may  be  he- 
reditary. Change  water,  or  use  rain  water  or  water  acted 
on  by  carbonate  of  sodium.  It  is  more  common  in  sheep 
than  cattle.     (See  page  78.) 


GENERAL   DISEASES.  235 

SCARLET    FEVER 

Is  a  specific,  contagious,  and  infectious  disease,  com- 
municable perhaps  even  to  man  by  means  of  the  milk 
and  inoculation.  It  is  peculiar  to  recently  calved  cows. 
The  disease  lasts  from  five  weeks  to  even  three  months. 
It  is  caused  by  a  micrococcus. 

Symptoms. — Short  fever;  quick  breathing;  hacking 
cough ;  sore  throat  in  severe  cases ;  discharges  from  nos- 
trils and  eyes;  eruption  on  skin  around  eyes;  also  hind 
quarters;  vesicles  on  teats  and  udder;  teats  double  in 
size;  vesicles,  at  first  the  size  of  a  pea,  enlarge  to  half- 
inch  ulcers,  with  reddish  brown  scabs ;  scabs  may  remain 
25  days  or  longer ;  watery  fluid  exudes  from  under  scab ; 
ulcers  leave  a  whitish,  flat,  indistinct  scar,  &c. 

Remedy. — Solution  acetate  ammonium,  4  fluid  ounces; 
spirit  nitrous  ether,  1  fluid  oz.,  bicarbonate  potassium,  -J 
oz.,  water,  Si  oz.,  3  times  a  day.  Draw  off  milk  with 
siphon.     Feed  calf  by  hand. 

PURPLE  FEVER  (PURPURA  H/EMORRHAGICA), 

Is  a  specific,  eruptive  blood  fever,  of  an  intermittent 
type,  in  which  the  skin,  mucous  membranes,  connective 
tissue  of  the  lungs  and  kidneys  and  coats  of  the  intesti- 
nal walls  are  mainly  affected.  It  seems  to  result  from 
exposure  or  foul  air,  and  often  follows  a  disease  like 
catarrhal  fever.  It  runs  its  course  in  about  a  week,  and, 
like  anthrax,  which  it  resembles,  is  often  fatal.  It  is 
peculiar  to  calves  rather  than  adults.     (See  page  47.) 

Symptoms. — Pain  and  slight  swellings  in  one  or  more 
limbs;  may  be  purple  or  dark  red  spots  in  nostrils  and 
pimples  on  skin ;  blood  seems  to  be  thinner  than  usual ; 
it  or  red  serum,  or  both,  exudes,  especially  on  the  mucous 
and  serous  membranes ;  temperature  changeable,  but  may 
suddenly  reach  106°  F.  or  more ;  hot  and  rather  circum- 
scribed swellings  appear  on  various  parts   of   the   body, 


236  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

from  which,  and  also  from  the  nostrils,  a  reddish  fluid 
flows;  these  swellings  interfere  somewhat  with  breathing 
and  swallowing;  heart  weak  and  fluttering;  pulse  small 
and  double. 

Remedy.— Nutritious,  digestible  food.     Stimulants. 

Drafts :  1.  Quinetum  (mixed  alkaloids  from  cinchona 
bark),  1  dram,  tincture  perchloride  iron,  1  fluid  oz.,  oil 
turpentine,  i  fluid  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  twice  daily. 
2.  Powdered  gentian,  1  oz.,  powdered  ginger,  i  oz.,  car- 
bonate ammonium,  \  oz.,  carbonate  iron,  2  drams*  in 
pint  warm  water,  gruel,  or  ale,  twice  daily. 

POISONS. 

Among  the  poisonous  plants  and  minerals  common  to 
cattle  are  the  following : 

Meadow  Saffron  or  Autumn  Crocus.  Give  mucilage  of 
linseed  with  2  ounces  spirit  ammonia  and  4  ounces  brandy 
every  4  hours. 

Aconite.  Give  2  ounces  spirit  ammonia  with  4  ounces 
of  brandy  in  gruel  every  2  hours,  repeated  as  often  as 
necessary. 

Yew.  Give  4  ounces  spirit  of  ammonia  with  8  ounces 
brandy  in  quart  of  mucilage  linseed,  repeated  in  1  hour, 
and  at  intervals  of  2,  3,  or  4  hours .  if  necessary.  Purge 
with  8  to  10  drams  of  aloes,  followed  by  a  quart  of  lin- 
seed oil  after  the  first  draft.  Mustard  to  belly.  Open 
paunch  and  remove  foliage  if  necessary. 

Woody  Nightshade.  Treat  as  for  yew.  It  is  often 
fatal. 

Ergot  is  caused  by  the  growth  of  a  fungoid  parasite 
which  infests  most  of  the  grasses  and  cereals.  It  is  most 
common  in  damp  situations.  Cut  the  grass  when  in  full 
bloom,  and  thus  prevent  the  formation  of  ergot.  Tannin 
and  stimulants  are  antidotes  for  ergot. 

Arsenic.  Copious  quantities  of  linseed  mucilage  and 
gruel.     Hydrated  peroxide  of  iron,  1   ounce   every  hour 


'  LEAD  POISOKING.  237 

for  3  or  4  hours;  then  every  3  hours  for  a  day  or  so. 
Stimulate  with  spirit  of  ammonia  and  brandy  and  give 
tincture  of  opium  in  2-ounce  doses  for  pain  if  it  is  nec- 
essary. 

Lead.  Epsom  salt,  10  ounces,  Glauber's  salt,  10  ounces, 
4  drams  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  20  drops  croton  oil,  in 
gruel.  Eepeat  in  8  or  10  hours,  giving  half  the  quantity 
only.  After  the  first  draft,  mucilage  of  linseed  or  gruel 
should  be  given  in  large  quantities  every  hour ;  and  at 
each  alternate  hour  4  drams  of  diluted  sulphuric  acid 
may  be  added. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    ALIMENTARY 
SYSTEM. 


THRUSH    OR   APHTHA 

Is  practically  the  same  in  cattle  as  in  sheep.  (See 
sheep.)  As  in  the  human  species,  young  animals,  espe- 
cially sucking  calves,  are  often  attacked.  The  disease  is 
usually  mild  unless  the  vesicles  or  tiny  bladders  extend  to 
the  gullet,  stomach,  or  intestines. 

Begin  the  treatment  with  a  gentle  aperient;  then  gar- 
gle with  chlorate  of  potassium  or  alum,  15  grains  to  each 
ounce  of  water,  2  or  3  times  daily.  Laxative  diet.  In 
severe  cases  carbonate  of.  ammonium  and  other  stimulants 
are  necessary. 

HOVEN   (TYMPANITES), 

Also  known  as  hove,  hoove,  blown,  dew-blown,  fog- 
sickness,  &c,  is  an  important  and  common  disease  in 
cattle  and  sheep,  but  is  usually  curable  if  taken  in  time 


Fig.  103.     Hoven. 

and  properly  treated.     The   swelling,  as  is  shown  in  the 
illustration,  is  on  the  left  side. 


HOVEtf. 


239 


The  swelling  is  caused  by  gas  in  the  first  stomach  (the 
rumen  or  paunch),  and  is  usually  the  result  of  injudicious 
feeding.  Sudden  change  from  a  poor  diet  to  a  rich  one 
is  bad,  for  it  causes  overeating.  The  swelling  is  some- 
times chronic,  when  it  may  depend  on  the  presence  of 
foreign  bodies  in  the  rumen. 

Remedy. — Begin  with  a  purge  ;  then  give  hyposulphite 
of  sodium,  \  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  and  repeat  several 
times  at  intervals  of  from  2  to  4  hours. 

2.  Ether,  2  fluid  oz.,  carbonate  ammonium,  \  oz.,  spirit 
chloroform,  1  fluid  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  at  intervals 
of  4  hours. 

3.  Sulphocarbolate  sodium,  \  oz.,  bromide  potassium,  2 
drams,  chlorodyne,  6  fluid  drams,  water  in  proportion,,  at 
intervals  of  from  4  to  6  hours. 


Fig.  104.    Mode  of  securing  ox  in  passing  Probang  for  either  gas  or  choking. 


Fig.  105,     The  Probang. 

When  foreign  substances  or  food  causes  choking,  the 
use  of  the  probang  is  necessary,  provided  the  obstructing 
body    cannot   be   reached  with   the   hand.     The    probang 


240  THE  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

should  be  6  or  7  feet  in  length.  Its  use  is  illustrated  in 
Figs.  104,  105.  Some  animals  require  to  be  very  securely 
fastened,  while  others  may  be  held  by  hand. 

ENGORGEMENT  OF  THE  OMASUM  OR  THIRD 
STOMACH  (OMASITIS), 

Also  called  fardel-bound  and  grass  staggers,  is  probably 
caused  by  old  fog-grass,  straw,  dry,  harsh,  and  badly  cured 
hay,  and  any  coarse  herbage  or  heath.  Very  bad  hay  can 
only  be  made  slightly  available  by  being  mixed  with  a 
large  quantity  of  cut  turnips,  mangold-wurzel,    or  grain. 


Fig.  106.     Impaction  of  the  Omasum. 

Symptoms. — Head  held  low;  ears  hang;  breathing 
difficult ;  tip  of  tongue  protrudes ;  eyes  staring  and  blood- 
shot ;  sight  impaired ;  grunts  and  moans ;  grinds  teeth ; 
head  pointed  toward  abdomen,  usually  the  right  side, 
on  account  of  pain  ;  hind  legs  often  moved  $  tail  lashed  ; 
rumen  often  swelled ;  staggers,  rolls  on  side  and  lies  there 
with  rigid  limbs;    convulsions  and  death. 

Remedy. — In  ordinary  cases  Epsom  salt,  16  oz.  or 
more,  clears  the  way  for  aloes,  the  former  acting  on  the 
bowels,  the  latter  on  the  stomach.  Oil  is  useful  as  an 
adjunct.  External  stimulating  for  stomach  inflammation. 
Give  injections  regularly,  and  watch  animal  carefully. 
Nitrated  drinking  water.  Sulphate  of  physostygmine,  dis- 
solved, has  been  injected  both  intravenously  and  hypo- 
dermically  (in  the  veins  and  under  the  skin)  in  doses  of 
i  to  l£  grain. 


ENGORGEMENT  OE  THE  RUMEN. 


241 


ENGORGEMENT  AND  INFLAMMATION  OF  THE 
RUMEN  (PLENALVIA), 

Which  is  caused  by  excessive  quantities  of  food,  entails 
more  suffering  than  hoven,  which  is  caused  mostly  by 
gas.  The  disorders  are  easily  distinguished.  The  swell- 
ing in  hoven  resembles  an  inflated  bladder  and  is  resom 
ant  on  percussion,  while  the  engorged  stomach  has  a  soft, 
doughy  feel  and  pits  on  pressure.  The  swelling  is  on  the 
left  side  in  both  disorders.     The   animal  is  dull ;    suffers 


Fig.  107.    The  rumen  exposed  for  mechanical  removal  of  contents. 


pain ;  no  appetite ;  constipated,  feces  being  hard  and 
glazed;  pulse  small  and  quick;  lies  on  right  side.  Ho- 
ven usually  follows,  accompanied  by  difficult  breathing, 
moaning,  grinding  teeth,  arching  back,  protruding  muz- 
zle, &c. 

Sometimes  the  paunch  is  opened  and  its  contents  re- 
moved by  hand,  but  this  operation  should  be  performed 
by  the  veterinarian  only.     (Fig.  107.) 

The  rumen  is   sometimes  ruptured  in  both  hoven  and 


242 


THE    DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 


engorgement,  and  is  usually  soon  followed  by  death.  Hair 
balls,  caused  by  cattle  licking  themselves  or  one  another, 
and  calculous  concretions  sometimes  form  in  the  rumen, 
reticulum,  and  abomasum  (the  first,  second,  and  fourth  of 
the  four  stomachs).  See  page  111  for  '  Calculous  Con- 
cretions/ 


Fig.  108.  Stomachs,  &c.  a,.  Rumen  or  first  stomach.  &,  Reticulum  or 
secoud  stomach,  c,  Omasum  or  third  stomach,  rf,  Abomasum  or 
fourth  stomach,  e,  Esophagus,  throat  or  gullet.  /,  Pylorus,  entrance 
to  intestines. 


Remedy. — Epsom  salt,  1G  oz.,  solution  of  aloes,  4  to 
8  fluid  oz.,  powdered  ginger,  1-J-  oz.,  aromatic  spirit  of 
ammonia,  1^  fluid  oz.  Mix  with  a  rather  large  quantity 
of  warm  gruel.  Give  slowly  and  carefully  by  horn.  Fol- 
low with  \  pint  of  linseed  oil  for  the  purpose  of  lubrica- 
ting the  passages,  and  if  there  be  no  relief  after  12  hours, 
repeat  the  first  dose  or  give  2  pints  of  castor  oil. 


INDIGESTION.  243 

INDIGESTION 

Is  caused  by  errors  in  diet.  Cattle  should  be  supplied 
with  food  which  requires  remastication,  such  as  hay, 
grass,  or  straw,  in  addition  to  any  more  nutritious  foods. 
It  seems  to  be  caused  by  unwholesome  herbage  or  acrid 
or  diseased  vegetables,  such  as  decayed  turnips.  The  bow- 
els are  irregular,  the  coat  stares,  and  parts  of  the  cud, 
while  being  chewed,  are  dropped.  A  pailful  of  thick, 
green  fluid  may  be  thus  lost  in  two  hours.  Flesh  is  lost, 
the  secretion  of  milk  is  checked  and  then  stopped,  the 
appetite  is  impaired,  capricious,  and  finally  lost.  Poverty 
of  blood  and  dysentery  follow. 

Remedy. — Each  ox  should  receive  a  draft  containing 
14  oz.  Epsom  salt,  1-j-  oz.  gentian,  and  1-j-  oz.  bicarbon- 
ate potassium,  mixed,  and  given  in  a  pint  of  warm  lin- 
seed gruel.  For  about  6  days  6  drams  bicarbonate  pot- 
assium should  be  mixed  morning  and  evening  with  the 
food  of  each  animal ;  or,  if  preferred,  the  powdered  salt 
may  be  mixed  with  1-J-  oz.  of  gentian,  and  given  as  a 
draft  in  gruel  or  linseed  tea.  If  possible,  take  cattle  to 
a  high,  dry,  and  large  pasture,  or  make  an  entire  change 
of  food  at  least.  Sound  roots,  good  hay,  with  oil  cake, 
corn,  or  bran.  It  is  often  well  to  feed  little  or  no  green 
food  for  a  time  in  the  case  of  animals  which  have  been 
on  grass. 

There  is  a  very  severe  kind  of  indigestion  of  calves 
known  as 

GASTROENTERITIS. 

It  is  caused  by  too  much  milk,  and  may  result  in  in- 
flammation of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  causing  an  ac- 
rid discharge  called  '  white  scour/  The  bowels  may,  how- 
ever, be  constipated. 

Give  alkalies  in  rather  large  doses.  If  diarrhea  comes 
on,  stimulant  tonics  and  cordials  are  useful  in  addition 


u± 


THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 


to  more  active  medicines.     Diminish    the   supply  of  milk 
J,  and  substitute  linseed  gruel. 

Young  calves  sometimes  suffer  on  account  of  the  pres- 
ence of  hair  balls.  These  may  be  broken  up  by  the 
movements  of  the  stomach.  If  distress  is  great,  relieve 
with  carbonate  of  ammonium  or  other  stimulant.  Trocar 
rumen  if  necessary. 


Fig.  109.     The  spot  to  trocar  the  rumen  or  paunch. 


<a 


110.     Trocars. 


In  calves  which  have  been  partially  weaned,  the  abo- 
masum  may  be  overloaded  with  food,  the  first  and  third 
stomachs  not   having  gained   the   power   of  properly  pre- 


COLICS   AXD   COXSTIPATIOX.  245 

paring  the  food  for  it.     This  may  cause  constipation.     Give 
oil,  be  the  bowels  loose  or  confined. 

Chronic  Indigestion  may  be  caused  by  irregular  feed- 
ing, bad  food,  lack  of  exercise  and  ventilation,  exposure, 
internal  parasites  or  foreign  bodies,  &c.  As  in  the  horse, 
the  appetite  is  depraved;  the  coat  stares;  the  skin  feels 
harsh  and  dry ;  the  feces  are  small,  hard,  dry,  and  glazed 
with  mucus ;  the  flanks  may  be  now  hollow,  now  swollen ; 
flesh  is  lost ;  the  animal  has  a  tucked  up  appearance,  &c. ; 
besides  which  rheumatism,  tuberculosis,  diarrhea,  &c,  may 
supervene. 

Remedy. — Change  diet,  surrounding  conditions,  &c, 
as  iu  acute  indigestion.  Give  14  to  16  oz.  Epsom  salt, 
followed  by  stimulants  and  tonics.  A  draft  of  bicarbon- 
ate sodium,  2  oz.,  sulphur,  ^  oz.,  ginger,  i  oz.,  gentian, 
1  oz.,  mixed  with  pint  warm  water,  twice  daily,  is  some- 
times beneficial.  Puncturing  the  rumen  is  sometimes 
necessary. 

SIMPLE    COLIC 

Is  very  rare.  When  severe,  all  treatment  can  be  avoided, 
if  the  animal  is  in  good  condition,  by  slaughtering  for 
the  market.  The  actions  of  the  ox  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  horse.     Many  are  the  same.     (See  page  103.) 

Remedy. — Epsom  salt,  16  oz.  for  full-grown  ox.  In- 
jections. If  plethoric,  bleed.  Drafts  :  1.  Aromatic  spirit 
ammonia,  2  fluid  oz.,  tincture  opium,  2  fluid  oz.  Eepeat 
dose  in  an  hour  and  a  half  if  necessary.  2.  Oil  turpen- 
tine, y  fluid  oz.,  tincture  opium,  1-J  fluid  oz.,  spirit  ni- 
trous ether,  2  fluid  oz.,  every  4  hours. 

FLATULENT   (GAS)   COLIC 

Is  also  rare.  The  symptoms  are  not  so  severe,  but  are 
more  continuous  than  those  of  simple  colic.  Sometimes 
there  is  distention  of  the  right  side  of  the  belly. 

Remedy. — Full  dose  of  physic.     Walk  a  little.     Rub 


246  THE  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

right  side.  Injections  and  manual  exploration  of  rectum. 
Draft :  Solution  ammonia,  1  fluid  oz.,  spirit  chloroform, 
1  fluid  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  every  4  hours. 

CONSTIPATION, 

Like  colic,  is  usually  merely  a  symptom  of  disease. 
There  is  usually  redness  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
bowels,  and  also  of  the  eyes  and  nose.  The  disorder,  as 
a  rule,  is  due  to  some  impediment,  as  strictures  or  en- 
gorgements of  the  stomach  or  intestines,  tumors  within 
the  bowels  or  pressure  on  them  from  the  outside,  volvu- 
lus, intussusception,  various  concretions,  &c. 

Remedy. — Soft  food.  Give  a  laxative  now  and  then. 
Mild  cases  often  require  only  injections  and  bran,  linseed, 
herbage,  and  roots.  In  severe  cases,  give  14  or  16  oz. 
Epsom  salt. 

DIARRHEA 

Is  due  to  many  causes,  and  like  colic  and  constipation, 
is  often  only  a  symptom  of  disease.  It  is  a  serious  affec- 
tion, and  to  be  treated  intelligently  and  effectively  the 
cause  should  be  ascertained.  It  may  be  caused  by  in- 
flammation, maldigestion,  bad  food  or  water,  malignant 
catarrh,    epizootic   pleuro-pneumonia,   cattle    plague,    an- 


Fig;.  111.     Diarrhea. 


thrax,  tuberculosis,  &c.    There  may  be  severe  pain.     The 
appetite  is  either  diminished  or  depraved.     Urine  scanty. 


REMEDY   FOR    DIARRHEA.  247 

If  the  disease  is  due  to  increased  activity  of  the  liver, 
whereby  a  large  quantity  of  bile  is  discharged  into  the 
small  intestine,  the  feces  are  dark  brown  in  color,  watery, 
and  profuse ;  if  from  bad  milk  or  too  much  milk,  they 
are  light  colored ;  if  to  blood  diseases,  they  are  often 
black  and  fetid;  if  to  disorder  of  the  pancreas,  they  are 
usually  light  colored. 

Remedy. — Powdered  opium,  2  drams,  catechu,  2  drams, 
galls,  2  drams,  prepared  chalk,  1  oz.,  water,  1  pint,  twice 
daily. 

Catechu,  2  drams,  camphor,  2  drams,  powdered  bael 
fruit,  2  oz.,  powdered  opium,  2  drams,  mucilage  of  starch, 
1  pint,  twice  daily. 

For  calves :  Pepsine,  20  grains,  diluted  hydrochloric 
acid,  30  drops,  sulphate  cinchonine,  7^  grains,  water  or 
mucilage  of  starch,  1  pint,  2  or  3  times  daily. 

Diluted  sulphuric  acid,  30  drops,  tincture  catechu,  2 
drams,  spirit  chloroform,  30  drops,  water  or  mucilage  of 
starch,  1  pint,  3  or  4  times  daily. 

Salicylate  bismuth  in  2-dram  doses ;    also  salicylate  iron. 

DYSENTERY, 

Inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  large  in- 


Fio-.  112.     Acute  Dysentery. 


testines,  often  follows  diarrhea.     It    may  be  accompanied 
bv  ulceration.     It  is   either  acute   or  chronic.     It  is  due 


248  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

to  bad  food,  exposure,  poison,  complication  with  other 
diseases,  &c. 

Symptoms. — Abdominal  pain ;  back  arched  ;  constantly 
Btraining,  passing  a  small  quantity  of  watery  material, 
tinged  with  blood;  there  may  be  vesicles  in  the  nostrils; 
coat  dry  and  staring;  mucous  membranes  pallid;  ears 
h  mg ;    eyes  dull,  glassy,  sunken ;    rectum  protrudes,  &c. 

Remedy. —Ipecac,  i  oz.,  powdered  opium,  2  drams, 
chalk,  2  oz.,  galls,  2  oz.  Mix  well  and  add  a  pint  of 
warm  water  or  gruel,  and  give  3  times  daily  till  cured. 

INFLAMMATION   OF   THE    INTESTINES 
(ENTERITIS), 

Is  rare.  It  usually  occurs  among  working  oxen.  It 
may  be  caused  by  too  much  blood,  exposure,  drinking 
cold  water  when  heated,  drastic  purges,  engorgement,  &c. 

Symptoms. — Pressure  on  abdomen  or  loins  causes  pain ; 
feces  often  dry  and  in  small  quantities ;  toward  the  end 
there  may  be  a  little  stream  of  very  offensive  liquid  ex- 
crement, which  has  forced  its  way  through  the  hard  mass 
of  feces  by  which  the  rectum  is  distended ;  acute  febrile 
symptoms  supervene;  stands  in  one  place  with  muzzle 
protruded ;  bind  limbs  become  weak ;  breathing  quick- 
ened ;  occasional  tremors ;  excessive  thirst ;  no  appetite ; 
moans ;  grinds  teeth  ;  looks  at  right  flank  ;  rectum  hot. 
Other  symptoms  are  like  those  of  colic. 

Remedy. — No  purging.  If  plethoric,  bleed  and  repeat 
if  necessary,  taking  even  a  gallon.  Stimulate  belly  with 
rugs  wrung  out  of  hot  water,  renewed  at  intervals,  and 
by  liniments.  Give  thin,  warm  gruel  with  a  little  linseed 
oil.  Draft :  Tincture  opium,  2  oz.,  tincture  aconite  (V. 
P.),  40  drops,  every  3  or  4  hours.  Impacted  feces  may 
be  removed  manually.  Anodyne  and  mucilaginous  injec- 
tions may  be  very  advantageous.  Assuage  thirst  with 
nitrated  water. 

V.  P.  means  Veterinary  Pharmacopeia  (GresswelPs). 


A   RARE   BUT   SERIOUS   DISEASE.  249 

INFLAMMATION    OF   THE    PERITONEUM 
(PERITONITIS), 

Is  a  rare  but  serious  disease.  The  peritoneum  invests 
the  intestines,  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  kidneys,  &c.  The 
symptoms  resemble  those  of  the  same  disease  in  the  horse, 
namely  :  At  first  stands  in  a  very  dejected  manner ;  re- 
peated fits  of  trembling  or  shivering,  as  from  cold,  fol- 
lowed by  a  hot  stage,  throughout  which  the  tremors  par- 
ticularly affect  the  hind  legs  and  flanks ;  rumination  sus- 
pended and  appetite  lost;  ears,  horns,  and  extremities 
cold;  bowels  acutely  constipated,  in  some  cases  giving 
way  to  diarrhea,  which  may  be  profuse  and  watery  or 
even  bloody;  abdomen  swollen,  tense,  and  tender  near 
the  originally  injured  or  diseased  part;  urine  deficient 
and  highly  colored;  pulse  hard,  frequent,  wiry;  nostrils 
dilated ;  respiration  labored,  quick,  catching,  but  motion 
confined  to  chest,  abdomen  being  fixed ;  looks  at  flank, 
crouches,  paws,  moans,  grinds  teeth;  pulse  has  become 
softer,  weaker,  smaller,  while  breathing  is  slower  and  less 
painful  and  labored ;  membranes  pale ;  eyes  sunken ;  ox 
stands  crouching,  with  feet  close  together;  coldness  of 
extremities,  &c,  increases;  temperature  suddenly  declines 
from  104  or  105°  F.  to  97  or  95°  F.;  abdomen  falls  and 
is  fuller  and  rounder;  less  pain  and  colic;  pulse  be- 
comes smaller,  more  rapid,  until  it  cannot  be  felt.  Death 
occurs  in  4  or  5  days  from  the  first  appearance  of  the 
disease. 

Remedy. — No  purging  or  bleeding.  Draft :  Tincture 
opium,  2  oz.,  tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  40  drops,  spirit 
chloroform,  -|  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  every  6  hours. 
Injections  every  4  hours  till  bowels  are  opened.  Nutrient 
injections  for  weakness. 


250  THE    DISEASES   OF    CATTLE. 

DROPSY   OF   THE    ABDOMEN   (ASCITES), 

Is  caused  by  general  debility  or  mechanical  impediment 
to  the  return  of  venous  blood  to  the  heart,  occasioned 
perhaps  by  disease  of  that  organ  or  by  disease  of  the 
liver,  and  also  by  the  pressure  of  a  tumor  on  the  portal 
veins. 

The  disease  is  not  frequent  in  the  adult,  but  often  oc- 
curs in  the  fetus.  The  best  plan  in  some  cases  is  to  cut, 
by  the  aid  of  the  concealed  knife,  through  the  abdomi- 
nal walls  of  the  fetus  and  let  the  fluid  escape.  In  the 
adult  the  belly  is  distended,  and  if  one  hand  be  placed 
against  the  abdominal  wall,  while  the  opposite  side  is  per- 
cussed, a  wave  of  fluid  may  be  detected.  Dropsical  swell- 
ings appear  on  the  belly  and  under  the  chest.  The  breath- 
ing is  thoracic  (chest  or  thorax),  and  the  animal  gradu- 
ally loses  blood.     The  disease  is  hard  to  cure. 

Remedy. — Nitrate  potassium,  2  drams,  bicarbonate  pot- 
assium, 4  drams,  oil  juniper,  1  dram,  spirit  nitrous  ether, 
1  oz.,  water  in  proportion.  Try  to  remove  the  primary 
cause  of  the  complaint.  Tonics.  Trocar  between  the 
navel  and  the  iliac  bone  if  necessary.  Insert  instrument 
gently. 


VARIOUS    DISORDERS. 


Imperforate  Anus  (absence  of  anus),  occurs  mostly  in 
calves.  Sometimes  the  opening  is  closed  with  skin.  Some- 
times the  anus  itself  is  perfect,  but  near  the  external 
orifice  there  is  a  membranous  partition.  Sometimes  the 
large  intestine  may  terminate  in  a  '  cul-de-sac '  (having 
one  end  open  only).  In  the  first  and  second  cases,  open 
with  crucial  incisions.  In  the  third,  try  to  reach  the 
blind  end  and  open  it.  Then  sew  the  edges  of  the  opened 
end  to  the  edges  of  the  cutaneous  incision. 

Distention  of  the  Rectum  with  hard  pellets  of  me- 
conium (fetal  excrements)  is  sometimes  so  serious  as  to 
necessitate  their  removal  by  the  oiled  finger. 

Piles  may  be  removed  sometimes  by  ligature  or  other- 
wise. Soft  food  and  an  occasional  laxative  to  counteract 
constipation. 

Prolapsus  Ani  differs  from  rupture  in  that  the  pro- 
trusion is  through  the  natural  anal  opening  and  consists 
chiefly  of  mucous  membrane.  It  results  from  violent 
straining,  labor  pains,  or  obstruction  to  the  flow  of  urine. 
The  protruded  rectum  may  become  strangulated,  take  on 
a  bright  red  hue,  and  subsequently,  owing  to  effusion, 
become  very  much  enlarged ;  then  cold  and  of  a  purple 
color. 

Remove  the  cause  of  the  straining,  wash  the  bowel  with 
cold  water,  and  return  the  part  carefully  by  pressure.    If 


252  THE  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

the  protruded  part  is  purple,  amputate  it  and  stitch  the 
edges.     Soft  food.     Opium  if  necessary. 

Volvulus  (twist  of  an  intestine)  sometimes  follows  colic. 
Open  abdomen  on  the  right  side  and  operate  on  the  in- 
testine, if  slaughter  is  not  desirable. 

Intussusception  (entrance  of  one  bowel  within  an- 
other) also  follows  colic.     Rare.     Operate  as  above. 

Rupture  (hernia)  is  about  the  same  in  the  ox  as  in 
the  horse.  In  serious  cases  fatten  and  slaughter.  (For 
description  and  treatment,  see  pages  58,  59.) 


DISEASES    OF   THE    LIVER. 


The  liver  of  the  ox  is  situated  on  the  right  side,  be- 
tween the  third  stomach  and  the  diaphragm.  Unlike  the 
liver  of  the  horse,  it  is  provided  with  a  gall-bladder  large 
enough  to  contain  several  ounces  of  bile.  The  bile  is 
liable  to  become  thickened  and  form  calculi  as  large  as  a 
walnut.  These  are  sometimes  discharged  'in  the  feces, 
and  the  pain  they  cause  is  thus  distinguished  from  colic. 

Anything  that  interferes  with  the  secretion  of  bile  may 
cause 

JAUNDICE   (THE   YELLOWS). 

Jaundice  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  yellow  color  of 
the  skin  and  membranes  and  the  many  other  signs  of 
disorder  which  accompany  it.  But  it  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  yellowness  caused  by  certain  foods. 

See  page  133. 

Remedy. — Small  quantity  of  laxative,  digestible  food. 
Purge  with  sulphate  of  magnesium  (Epsom  salt),  16  oz., 
powdered  aloes,  8  drams,  powdered  ginger,  -J  oz.,  mixed 
with  a  pint  of  warm  water  or  gruel. 

Draft :  Chloride  ammonium,  4  drams,  bicarbonate  pot- 
assium, 1  oz.,  ginger,  4  drams,  in  pint  of  warm  water, 
twice  daily. 

Anything  that  interferes  with  the  secretion  of  bile  may 
also  cause 

INFLAMMATION    OF   THE    LIVER. 

A  good  draft  for  inflammation  of  the  liver  is  :  Sul- 
phate sodium,  16  oz.,  caraway  seed,  1  oz.,  in  pint  warm 


254  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

water,  repeated  next  day  if  necessary.  A  1-dram  dose  of 
calomel  may  be  given  next  day  instead  of  the  draft,  and 
half  that  dose  for  several  days  afterward. 

Another  draft :  Tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  40  drops,  chlo- 
ride ammonium,  G  drams,  spirit  nitrous  ether,  1  fluid  oz., 
water  in  proportion,  3  times  daily  till  fever  abates.  Then 
omit  aconite. 

Draft  for  Torpid  Liver:  Diluted  nitro-hydrochloric 
acid,  4  fluid  drams,  spirit  chloroform,  %  fluid  oz.,  tinc- 
ture euonymin,  1  fluid  oz.,  water  in  proportion. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    CIRCULATORY 
SYSTEM. 


The  chief  disorders  of  the  circulatory  system  in  cattle 
are  : 

Anaemic  Palpitation  is  the  result  of  an  attenuated 
and  watery  condition  of  the  blood.  The  murmurs,  espe- 
cially the  aortic,  produced  when  the  blood  is  in  this 
state,  are  softer  and  more  regular  than  those  which  arise 
from  disease  of  the  heart.  They  are  often  made  to  cease 
by  a  judicious  use  of  tonics.     (Gresswell.) 

Rupture  is  rare  and  fatal.  It  is  caused  by  overexer- 
tion or  violence. 

Blue  Disease  (cyanosis)  is  the  result  of  imperfect 
closure  of  the  oval  foramen  (the  aperture,  in  the  fetus, 
between  the  auricles  of  the  heart),  whereby  the  venous 
blood  from  the  right  side  of  the  heart  mingles  with  the 
arterial  blood  of  the  left  side,  giving  rise  to  venous  pulse 
and  ansemic  palpitation,  to  a  blue  tinge  of  the  skin  and 
mucous  membranes,  and  to  an  emaciated  and  cold  state 
of  the  body.  Moderate  exercise  may  cause  death.  The 
young  animals  usually  either  die  or  are  killed. 

The  heart  is  sometimes  found  outside  the  body  in  calves 
and  lambs.     Death  usually  follows  shortly  after  birth. 

Inflammation  of  the  Pericardium  (pericarditis)  may 
occur  independently  or  in  connection  with  rheumatism  or 
contagious  pleuro-pneumonia.  Careful  treatment.  Death 
may  occur  in  two  days. 


256  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

Symptoms. — A  shivering  fit,  theti  becomes  dull;  pulse 
accelerated,  moderately  full  and  hard,  but  soon  becomes 
wiry;  respiration  quickened  and  labored;  nostrils  dila- 
ted ;  bowels  constipated  and  urine  highly  colored  ;  head 
held  low;  limbs  very  cold  and  usually  become  dropsical 
toward  the  latter  stage;  sometimes  the  fluid  may  be  de- 
tected inside  as  well  as  beneath  the  chest,  extending  along 
the  abdomen ;  pressure  oh  left  side  causes  great  pain ; 
flanks  hollow;  a  line  runs  along  the  side  of  the  abdomen 
and  chest  corresponding  to  the  external  oblique  muscle, 
which  appears  to  be  unusually  contracted,  causing  the 
whole  abdomen  to  act  irregularly;  friction  sounds  and 
venous  pulse  are  present,  &c.  Animals  living  beyond  the 
sixth  day  usually  recover. 


Fig.  113.    Inflammation  of  the  Pericardium  (Pericarditis). 

Remedy. — Drafts  :  1.  Epsom  salt,  12  to  16  oz.,  calo- 
mel, i  to  1  dram,  croton  oil,  5  to  10  drops,  ground  gin- 
ger, 1  to  2  oz.  2.  Epsom  salt,  12  to  16  oz.,  croton  oil, 
10  to  30  drops,  ground  ginger,  2  oz.,  molasses,  1  lb.,  lin- 
seed mucilage,  1  quart.  3.  Niter,  4  drams,  powdered  dig- 
italis, 2  drams.  Mix  and  give  \  part  in  a  pint  of  gruel 
every  3  hours. 

Inflammation  of  the  Lining  Membranes  of  the 
Cavities  of  the  Heart  (endocarditis)  is  usually  a  com- 
plication of  rheumatism.  Careful  treatment.  Fatten  and 
slaughter. 


DISORDERS  OF  THE  HEART.  257 

Inflammation  of  the  Heart  (carditis)  may  be  an  ac- 
companiment of  either  pericarditis  or  endocarditis.  The 
muscular  substance  of  the  heart  is  sometimes  inflamed 
near  a  deposit  or  seat  of  injury.     Usually  fatal. 

Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Heart,  such  as  pins,  nails, 
&c,  is  not  uncommon.  An  animal  may  live  some  time 
with  a  needle  in  its  heart.  If  practicable,  fatten  and 
slaughter. 

Enlargement  of  the  Heart  (hypertrophy)  is  not  un- 
common. 

Embolism  is  plugging  a  vessel,  such  as  the  iliac  ar- 
teries, the  most  usual  seat  of  the  disorder,  with  clots  of 
fibrin  (a  constituent  part  of  the  blood),  lymph,  &c. 


DISEASES    OF    THE    RESPIRATORY 
SYSTEM. 


BLEEDING   FROM   THE  NOSTRILS  (EPISTAXIS), 

Is  the  same  in  cattle  as  in  horses.     (See  page  70.) 
Remedy. — Draft :    Tincture  perchloride  iron,   1-J  oz., 

tincture  ergot,  1   oz.,  water   in   proportion;    or,  sulphate 

iron,  2  drams,  powdered  ergot,  1  oz.,  water,  in  proportion. 
Cold   water   and   styptic   applications   or   plugging   the 

nostrils   may   be   necessary.     If  from   a   polypus,   remove 

with  ligature  or  ecraseur. 

SIMPLE   CATARRH, 

The  cause  and  symptoms  of  which  are  practically  the 
same  in  the  ox  as  in  the  horse,  is  described  on  page  70, 
which  see;    also  { Malignant  Catarrh/  page  231. 

Remedy. — Draft :  Solution  acetate  ammonium,  4  oz., 
bicarbonate  potassium,  1  oz.,  spirit  chloroform,  -J  oz., 
water  in  proportion,  2  or  3  times  daily. 

Steam  with  boiling  hot  water,  to  which  has  been  added 
a  small  proportion  of  carbolic  acid  or  eucalyptus  oil,  and 
put  in  warm  but  well  ventilated  shed. 

SORE   THROAT   (LARYNGITIS), 

Like  the  two  preceding  disorders,  is  the  same  in  cattle 
as  in  horses.  (See  page  72.)  It  differs  from  catarrh  in 
that  the  discharge  is  from  the  mouth  instead  of  the  nos- 
trils. 

Remedy. — Tincture  belladonna,  6  drams,  solution  ac- 
etate ammonium,  4  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  3  times  a 
day.     Steam  as  for  catarrh.     Gargle  :    Tincture  iodine,   1 


BRONCHITIS.  259 

part  to  20  of  water.  Liniment  for  throat :  Mustard,  4 
oz.,  oil  turpentine,  5  oz.;  or,  powdered  cantharides,  1 
oz.,  olive  oil,  8  oz. 


Fig.  114.     Steam -bag  for  Catarrh,  Laryngitis,  Bronchitis,  .fee. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE   BRONCHIAL  TUBES 
AND  TRACHEA  (BRONCHITIS), 

Is  of  rather  frequent  occurrence  in  the  ox.  It  is  usu- 
ally caused  by  exposure  or  such  mechanical  causes  as  the 
entry  of  solid  or  fluid  particles  into  the  air  passages,  or 
the  presence  of  parasites  in  the  lungs. 

Symptoms. — Pulse  hard ;  respirations  greatly  increased 
in  number  ;  cough  frequent  and  distressing  ;  mucous  mem- 
branes purple,  owing  to  want  of  oxidation;  much  debility; 
profuse  discharge  from  nostrils,  at  first  watery,  afterward 
becomes  thick ;    death  may  result  from  suffocation. 

Remedy. — Maintain  strength;  careful  nursing ;  pure 
air.  Steam  as  for  catarrh ;  stimulating  applications  to 
chest  and  throat.  Purge  if  necessary ;  injections  may  be 
given.  At  a  later  time  it  is  advisable  to  give  diffusible 
stimulants,  together  with  vegetable  tonics,  and  allow  a 
liberal  diet. 


2G0  THE   DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

CHRONIC    BRONCHITIS 

Is  frequent.  There  is  a  persistent  hacking  cough,  gen- 
eral weakness,  a  tendency  to  slight  febrile  attacks,  ema- 
ciation, and  inability  to  undergo  exertion.  The  disorder 
may  be  associated  with  asthma,  lung  inflation,  and  con- 
solidation of  parts  of  the  lung.  Although  in  many  cases 
tonics,  quiet,  and  digestible  food  will  do  a  great  deal  of 
good,  slaughter  is  the  best  course.  The  following  draft 
may  be  given  : 

Carbonate  ammonium,  3  drams,  liquor  strychnin*  hy- 
drochloratis,  2  drams,  spirit  chloroform,  -J  oz.,  water  in 
proportion,  twice  daily. 

PARASITIC    BRONCHITIS, 

Also  called  hoose  or  husk,  frequently  occurs  in  calves 
under  a  year  old,  causing  considerable  mortality.  It  is 
caused  by  a  worm  known  as  the  '  Strongylus  micrurus/ 
which  is  found  also  in  the  alimentary  canal  and  in  the 
heart  and  blood  vessels.  It  is  peculiar  to  wet  seasons  and 
low,  badly  drained  lands.  Calves  kept  out  late  in  the 
autumn,  on  fields  on  which  animals  suffering  with  the 
disease  have  grazed,  are  especially  liable  to  it.  The  cough 
is  very  forcible  and  has  a  special  hacking  character.  It 
causes  the  expulsion  of  stringy  mucus,  in  which  parasites 
or  their  ova  may  be  seen  with  a  low  power  of  the  micro- 
scope, and  sometimes  with  the  unaided  eye.  The  calves 
become  emaciated  and  there  may  be  diarrhea.  The  worms 
are  present  in  the  bronchial  tubes  and  air  passages,  im- 
peding respiration. 

Remedy. — Place  the  severely  affected  in  comfortable 
quarters.  The  bedding  on  which  the  discharges  fall  should 
be  frequently  removed  and  destroyed.  Place  the  slightly 
affected  on  high  and  dry  pastures.  Pure  water  and  rock 
salt.  Fumigation  with  the  gas  from  burning  sulphur  and 
iodine   is  strongly  recommended,  but  it  should    be   used 


SIMPLE   OR   CURABLE    PNEUMONIA.  261 

cautiously,  as  the  parasites  can  stand  more  perhaps  than 
the  calves. 

PNEUMONIA   (Inflammation   of  the    Lungs), 

Is  not  common  in  cattle  as  a  distinct  disease,  being 
usually  associated  with  pleurisy.  Pneumonia  must  not  be 
confounded  with  the  deadly,  infectious,  and  incurable 
pleuro-pneumonia  already  described.  Simple,  non-infec- 
tious pneumonia  is  usually  caused  by  cold,  damp  or  chill. 
It  often  takes  a  favorable  turn  in  10  days,  but  death  may 
result  in  5,  10,  or  14  days. 

Symptoms. — Onset  usually  sudden  and  characterized 
by  shivering  fits;  respirations  increase  from  16  (about 
the  average  normal  number)  to  40  or  70;  pulse  70  to 
100  (the  normal  pulse  being  40  to  50) ;  temperature  is 
raised  several  degrees  (the  normal  or  natural  number  be- 
ing from  101.5  to  102.  °5);  febrile  symptoms  very  mark- 
ed ;  skin  dry,  parched,  hot ;  thirst  marked ;  as  a  rule — 
unlike  the  horse — sinks  to  the  ground ;  milk  stopped ; 
breathing  harsh  and  loud — distinguished  by  applying  ear 
to  side  of  chest ;  cough,  though  sometimes  not  marked ; 
bowels  constipated  ;  urine  scanty  and  high  colored ;  anxious 
look ;  head  and  neck  protruded ;  as  disease  progresses, 
cough,  not  often  frequent,  becomes  weak,  and  blood- 
stained expectoration  may  be  thrown  up,  &c. 

Remedy. — Place  in  well  ventilated  box  or  shed.  Purge 
with  a  fair  dose  of  Epsom  salt  in  a  pint  of  warm  water, 
and  drench  with  solutions  of  carbonate  and  also  acetate 
of  ammonium  and  camphor.  Digitalis  is  also  sometimes 
useful.  Apply  cloths  wrung  out  of  hot  water  to  the  chest 
every  hour  while  acute  symptoms  last.  Then  blister  on 
one  side  with  mustard  and  on  the  other,  if  it  be  also 
affected,  with  ointment  of  cantharides  or  a  strong  am- 
monia or  turpentine  liniment.  It  is  customary  to  bleed 
in  acute  cases,  though  aconite,  in  45-drop  doses,  is  a 
good  substitute  for  bleeding.     In  cases  that  are  slaugh- 


202 


THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 


tered  for  food,  aconite,  for  obvious  reasons,  must  not  be 
given. 

PLEURISY. 

Or  inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  chest 
and  lungs,  seldom  occurs  alone  in  the  ox,  for  it  is  nearly 
always  accompanied  by  pneumonia.  Like  pneumonia,  it 
is  usually  caused  by  cold  and  damp,  but  it  may  result 
from  injury  or  acute  rheumatism. 

Symptoms. — Fever;  pulse  60  to  70,  small  and  firm; 
breathing  :  inspiration  shallow  and  short,  expiration  easier 
and  more  prolonged,  the  chest  being  fixed  as  it  were,  the 
walls  of  the  belly  moving  more,  thus  compensating  for 
the  shallow  motions  of  the  chest  walls;  sides  of  chest 
and  rib  spaces  tender;  by  placing  ear  at  side  the  usual 
respiratory  murmur  may  be  heard,  and  in  addition  a  loud 
sound,  as  of  leather  creaking  and  rubbing ;  dejection  and 
anxiety ;  eyes  half  closed ;  head  droops ;  ears  lop ;  short, 
painful,  hacking  cough  ;    appetite  diminished  or  lost,  &c. 


Fig.  115.     Tapping  the  chest  for  the  dropsical  stage  of  Pleurisy. 

In  many  cases  the  inflammation  gradually  subsides  and 
the  animal  slowly  recovers;  but  in  others  water  accumu- 
lates in  the   chest  and  ends  sooner  or  later  in  dropsy. 


REMEDY   FOR   PLEURISY.  263 

The  symptoms  change  and  gradually  grow  worse.     If  not 
relieved  by  tapping,  death  soon  follows. 

Remedy. — Xo  bleeding.  After  a  laxative  give  a  drench 
of  acetate  ammonium,  camphor,  and  nitric  ether  every  4 
hours,  with  the  addition  of  aconite  in  acute  cases  in  vig- 
orous subjects.  Hot  cloths  and  blisters  as  above  for  pneu- 
monia. Stimulate  with  carbonate  ammonium,  iodide  pot- 
assium, and  digitalis,  combined,  in  dram  doses.  Tincture 
perchloride  of  iron  with  nux  vomica  as  tonic.  Generous 
diet. 

Acute  Pulmonary  Congestion  occasionally  results 
from  overwork.  It  is  manifested  by  extreme  difficulty  in 
breathing,  profuse  cold  sweats,  cold  extremities,  very  rapid 
and  almost  imperceptible  pulse,  rapid  respirations  and 
sometimes  a  mucous  discharge,  mingled  with  a  little  blood, 
from  the  nostrils.  The  ox  lies  down,  coughs  frequently 
and  has  a  wild  look. 

Bleeding  from  the  Lungs  may  be  due  to  acute  pol- 
monary  congestion,  lung  laceration,  or  consumption.  The 
blood  may  flow  profusely,  vary  in  color,  be  mixed  with 
mucus,  and  be  discharged  from  both  the  nose  and  mouth. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 


STOMACH   STAGGERS 

Affords  a  good  illustration  of  the  fact  that  the  brain 
depends  for  its  well-being  on  the  healthy  working  of  the 
stomach.  When  the  stomach  is  very  full,  the  ox  may  be- 
come comatose,  so  much  so  perhaps  as  even  to  exhibit  a 
tendency  to  fall  down,  especially  if  the  head  be  elevated. 
The  respirations  are  slow  and  deep,  the  pulse  slow  and 
full,  and  the  pupils  of  the  eyes  dilated.  In  short,  the 
symptoms  may  simulate  those  caused  by  narcotic  poisons. 

Remedy. — Give  at  once  a  full  cathartic  dose,  and  also 
suitable  stimulants.  The  disorder,  as  compared  to  the 
same  in  the  horse,  is  rather  rare  and  unimportant. 

DELIRIUM 

Is  not  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  disease  in  itself,  but  as 
symptomatic  of  different  kinds  of  brain  disorder.  It  is 
met  with  in  inflammation  of  the  brain,  in  certain  blood 
diseases,  in  acute  indigestion,  in  impaction  of  the  oma- 
sum, and  as  a  result  of  some  forms  of  poisoning,  as,  for 
example,  lead. 

A  delirious  ox  has  a  peculiarly  wild  look  of  the  eye,  is 
excitable — perhaps  eveu  frantic  and  furious;  struggles  vi- 
olently against  restraint;  champs  and  exudes  a  frothy 
saliva,  &c.     The  best  remedy  is  a  bullet. 

INFLAMMATION    OF  THE   BRAIN   (PHRENITIS), 

Is  not  common  among  cattle,  but  it  is  dangerous.  It 
is  declining  in  frequency.  It  is  best  distinguished  from 
simple  delirium  perhaps  by  the  fact  that  there  is  a  man- 


REMEDY    FOR    PHREN1TIS.  265 

ifestation  of  acute  febrile  symptoms.  Either  the  mem- 
branes of  the  brain  or  the  cerebral  substance  itself  may 
be  first  attacked.  In  the  former  case  there  is  always 
good  reason  to  fear  the  extension  of  this  process  toward 
the  material  of  the  brain. 

When  the  coverings  of  the  brain  are  inflamed,  spasms, 
pain,  and  delirium  are  shown.  The  ox  is  violent,  champs 
the  teeth,  scrapes,  stamps,  paws,  charges  at  objects  which 
may  be  near,  displays  irregular  movements  and  more  or 
less  extreme  convulsions.  Sometimes  these  symptoms  make 
their  appearance  at  the  first  onset  of  the  attack,  and  the 
loss  of  nerve  power,  the  dull  and  stupid  look,  the  more 
or  less  marked  paralysis,  the  loss  of  sensation,  resulting 
from  the  extension  of  inflammation  to  the  brain  itself, 
come  on  later. 

The  disorder  is  peculiar  to  hot  countries  and  hot  sea- 
sons, especially  if  there  be  a  sudden  change  from  cold  to 
heat.  Working  oxen  and  the  plethoric  are  the  most  lia- 
ble to  it.  A  blow  on  the  head,  fracture  of  the  skull, 
tumors,  eating  distillery  refuse,  and  perhaps  ergotized 
grasses  all  seem  to  be  causes. 

Symptoms. — Besides  those  already  mentioned,  the  ox 
appears  sleepy  or  foolish ;  pulse  and  respirations  tardy ; 
eyes  red  and  wild  looking;  head  and  horns  hot;  tem- 
perature increased,  &c. 

Remedy. — Bleed  freely;  cold  water  to  head.  Purge, 
even  with  croton  oil.  Hydrocyanic  acid  subcutaneously. 
In  many  cases  it  is  better  to  slaughter. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

MEGRIMS,    FITS,   STAGGERS   (EPILEPSY), 

Is  peculiar  to  young  and  debilitated  animals,  and  may 
result  from  lack  of  blood  or  certain  forms  of  blood  dis- 
ease. Cattle  suffer  from  gastric  vertigo  (not  unlike  epi- 
lepsy), and  they  may  have  epilepsy,  it  is  said,  as  a  result 
of  long  sea  voyages  or  rheumatism.    The  animal  bellows. 


2G6  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

froths  at  the  mouth,  and  passes  feces  and  urine  involun- 
tarily. Usually  the  fits  soon  cease ;  the  ox  rises  and  soon 
appears  healthy  again.     Fatten  and  slaughter. 

APOPLEXY 

Is  caused  by  overdistention  and  bursting  of  the  blood 
vessels  of  the  brain  and  the  consequent  pressure  of  the 
flowing  blood  on  its  walls,  to  fracture  of  the  skull,  or  to 
the  bursting  of  an  abscess.  In  a  general  way  the  disor- 
der arises  from  too  much  blood  and  from  overdriving  and 
excitement  in  hot  weather  while  in  this  condition. 

Symptoms. — These  vary  in  accordance  with  the  seat 
of  the  flowing  blood.  As  a  rule  they  are  sudden  and 
marked ;  looks  dull ;  reels  and  falls  suddenly ;  uncon- 
scious ;  unable  to  move  or  feel ;  blood  vessels  of  head 
and  neck  very  full ;  heart  and  lungs  are  the  only  organs 
which  exhibit  life ;  pulse  small  and  thready ;  breathing 
slow,  loud,  and  labored ;  body  covered  with  cold  sweat ; 
mouth  open  and  animal  breathing  through  it  almost  en- 
tirely; eyes  widely  opened  and  rolling  and  staring;  pupils 
dilated ;  convulsive  movements  may  show  themselves,  but 
the  muscles  are  usually  soft  and  flaccid,  &c. 

Remedy. — Bleed  and  purge.  Strong  liniment  to  loins 
and  spine.     If  relief  does  not  follow,  slaughter. 

PARALYSIS 

May  be  due  to  many  different  causes,  namely,  exposure 
in  low,  damp  }3astures,  pressure  of  the  fetus  on  the  pos- 
terior aorta  or  the  iliac  arteries  which  supply  the  hind 
limbs  with  blood,  but  which  may  cease  after  delivery; 
poisons,  lead  palsy,  for  instance ;  pressure  of  tumors  on 
or  disease  of  some  part  of  the  nervous  system,  falls,  frac- 
tures, &c.     (See  page  51). 

Remedy. — If  severe,  slaughter.  If  not,  let  the  animal 
lie  comfortably  and  be  frequently  turned  to  avoid  sores. 
Iodide   of  iron   internally  and   ointment   of  biniodide  of 


WATER    ON"   THE    BRAIX 


267 


mercury  may  be  useful.  Nutritious,  laxative  food.  Draw 
urine  with  catheter  frequently.  Kub  aud  keep  affected 
part  warm. 

WATER  ON   THE    BRAIN   (HYDROCEPHALUS), 

Is  caused  by  the  accumulation  of  watery  fluid  either 
between  or  below  the  membranes  which  cover  the  brain. 
It  usually  occurs  in  the  fetus,  in  which  case,  in  order  to 
deliver   the   fetus,  the   enormous   head   is   tapped  with  a 


Fig.  116.     Hydrocephalus. 

trocar  (with  long  canula)  or  a  knife.     The  head  collapses. 
The  disorder  may  also  appear  after  birth. 

The  same  parasite  that  afflicts  the  brain  of  sheep  may 
afflict  cattle.  The  disorder  is  known  as  ( turnsick/  Tre- 
phining may  be  tried. 


268  THE  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE. 

MILK    FEVER   OR    PARTURIENT   APOPLEXY 

May  occur  in  three  days  after  calving,  though  it  is  said 
to  come  on  before  calving,  and  even  several  weeks  after- 
ward. It  often  manifests  itself  after  an  easy  delivery,  in 
warm  weather,  in  plethoric  subjects,  in  good  milkers, 
and  in  old  animals;  seldom  before  the  third  calf;  usu- 
ally after  the  fifth.  A  cow  that  once  suffers  is  liable  to 
suffer  again. 

Symptoms. — Restless;  raises  first  one  hind  foot  then 
the  other,  but  not  disposed  to  walk ;  if  forced  to  do  so, 
staggers ;  appetite  lost ;  no  milk ;  eyes  stare ;  hind  limbs 
give  way ;  falls ;  eyes  now  bloodshot,  protruded,  and  in- 
sensible to  touch ;  general  loss  of  sensation  and  voluntary 
motion ;  pulse  full,  soft,  slow,  but  as  disease  progresses 
becomes  faster,  smaller,  and  finally  imperceptible ;  breath- 
ing slow  and  after  a  time  stertorous ;  mucous  membranes 
purple ;  head  and  horns  hot ;  perhaps  delirious ;  head 
pitched  about,  or  the  animal  may  lapse  into  a  state  of 
coma ;  bowels  and  urinary  organs  stopped ;  belly  swollen 
with  wind,  &c. 

Remedy. — Bleed.  Purge  with  Epsom  salt,  12  to  16 
oz.,  powdered  ginger,  \  oz.,  in  pint  warm  water.  Draft: 
Carbonate  ammonium,  4  drams,  powdered  ergot,  1  oz., 
whisky  or  brandy,  6  oz.,  in  pint  warm  water,  every  4 
hours.  Inject  ergotin  hypodermically — 15  or  20  grains. 
Rub  spine  with  liniment  of  ammonia,  1  j)art,  compound 
liniment  of  camphor,  1  part.  Don't  use  liniment  of  bel- 
ladonna. Apply  wet  pack  or  ice  bag  to  head.  Milk  reg- 
ularly. Draw  urine  with  catheter.  Digestible,  laxative 
food. 

Cows  sometimes  suffer  with  a  kind  of  general  nerv- 
ous debility  during  the  latter  period  of  pregnancy.  They 
are  unable  to  rise,  the  body  is  cold,  the  pulse  weak,  and 
bowels  usually  constipated,  The  disorder  may  persist  after 
delivery* 


STRINGHALT,    ETC.  269 

Remedy. — Injections  for  bowels;  keep  body  warm; 
maintain  strength ;    stimulate  and  rub  back. 

Cerebro-Spinal  Meningitis,  so-called,  may  follow 
calving.  The  cow  stands  and  is  free  of  coma.  The  bow- 
els may  be  only  slightly  deranged,  or  there  may  be  a 
fetid  diarrhea.  The  patient  may  die  of  apoplexy  in  4  or 
5  days,  or  may  gradually  recover. 

Softening  of  the  Spinal  Cord  (myelitis)  is  not  fre- 
quent in  the  ox.  It  usually  accompanies  tetanus  (com- 
monly called  lock-jaw). 

Stringhalt  sometimes  occurs.  In  one  case,  where  a 
number  of  animals  were  affected,  it  was  attributed  to 
burnt  ale. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   URINARY  SYSTEM 


DIABETES 

Is  rare  in  the  ox.  It  is  practically  the  same  in  the  ox 
as  in  the  horse.     (See  page  63.) 

Remedy. — Change  food;  nutritious  diet  with  a  fair 
quantity  of  water.  Gentle  laxative.  Tincture  of  iodine. 
Iodide  potassium  in  drinking  water.     Vegetable  tonics. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29.  . 

ALBUMINOUS    URINE   (ALBUMINURIA), 

Means  the  presence  of  albumen  in  the  urine,  the  mi- 
croscope revealing  "spherical,  epithelial  cells  and  granular 
matter."  It  is  usually  the  result  of  cold,  injuries,  errors 
of  diet,  such  as  too  poor  or  too  rich  food  and  congestion 
or  inflammation  of  some  part  of  the  urinary  tract. 

Remedy. — House  well;  good,  digestible  food.  Mustard 
to  loins  sometimes  beneficial.  Cupping  over  loins  in  acute 
inflammation  of  kidneys.  Purges  and  injections  if  neces- 
sary.    Digitalis,  if  ordered  by  surgeon. 

RED  WATER,  BLACK  WATER,  BLOODY  URINE, 
MUIR   ILL,  &c, 

Are  different  names  for  a  disease  characterized  by  the 
emission  of  red-chocolate  or  black  urine,  containing  albu- 
men and  the  coloring  matter  of  the  blood  in  a  broken  or 
disintegrated  condition. 

The  disease  is  divided  into  two  kinds — parturient  and 
non-parturient.  The  former  occurs  eight  or  ten  days  af- 
ter calving.  It  is  believed  to  be  caused  by  "a  special 
coccus"  (mite),  having  "a  diameter  of  about  half  a  mil- 


REMEDIES   FOR   RED   WATER   AND   NEPHRITIS.  271 

limeter,"  but  it  is  also  attributed  to  impoverished  pastures, 
heathy  moors,  overfeeding  on  turnips,  &c. 

Symptoms. — Great  prostration;  febrile  excitement; 
palpitation  of  heart ;  double,  trembling  pulse ;  pallor  of 
mucous  membranes;  diarrhea  followed  by  obstinate  con- 
stipation. 

Remedy. — Change  diet;  restrict  supply  of  roots.  Sa- 
line purge ;  stomachics  and  bitters.  Iron  salts,  turpen- 
tine, ammonia  chloride.     For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

INFLAMMATION   OF  THE   KIDNEYS  (NEPHRI- 
TIS), 

Is  rare  and  seems  to  be  confined  to  working  oxen.     It 
may  be   caused  by  irritating   diuretics,  injuries,  calculus 
&c.     (See  page  115). 


Fig.  117.     Xephritis. 

Remedy. — Tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  40  drops,  solution 
acetate  ammonium,  4  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  3  times  a 
day.  Warm  injections  and  purges  at  outset.  Sheep  skin 
or  other  covering  over  loins.     Bleed  if  necessary. 

Congestion  of  the  Kidneys  results  from  interfer- 
ence with  the  heart's  action  or  the  pulmonary  circulation, 
from  which  fact  it  derives  its  importance. 


2?2  THE   DISEASES   OF  CATTLE. 

Uraemia  is  the  more  or  less  complete  cessation  of  the 
excretion  of  the  waste  products  of  the  body  which  the 
kidneys  ought  to  separate  from  the  blood.     (Gresswell.) 

It  is  a  serious  disease,  as  the  function  ordinarily  per- 
formed by  the  kidneys  devolves  on  the  skin,  bowels,  and 
liver.  The  blood  contains  an  excess  of  waste  products. 
The  disease  follows  inflammation  of  the  kidneys. 

SUPPRESSION    OF    URINE 

May  be  complete,  though  rarely,  owing  to  acute  in- 
flammation of  the  kidneys.  It  is  often  partly  suppressed 
in  acute  febrile  diseases.  In  certain  febrile  states  there 
may  be  a  deficient  secretion  of  urine,  and  what  is  passed 
will  probably  be  of  high  specific  gravity.  The  disorder 
occurs  in  draft  oxen,  in  dry  countries,  and  in  cattle  kept 
on  dry  pastures  in  hot,  dry  weather.  Working  oxen,  fed 
on  dry  food,  should  have  about  seven  gallons  of  water 
daily.     Those  at  pasture  should  be  well  supplied  also. 

RETENTION    OF   URINE 

May  arise  from  obstruction  or  lack  of  expulsive  power, 
as  in  paralysis.  As  a  rule  the  ox  is  very  irritable ;  lashes 
tail ;  lifts  hind  limbs ;  lies  down  often  perhaps ;  tries  to 
pass  water;  looks  at  flanks.  Sometimes,  however,  the 
bladder  may  burst  without  manifestation  of  much  pain. 
Pass  catheter  and  treat  according  to  circumstances. 

The  name  dysuria  is  given  to  the  painful  expulsion  of 
urine,  and  strangury  to  its  passage  drop  by  drop,  as  in 
spasm  or  inflammation  of  the  neck  of  the  bladder. 

A  previous  condition  of  the  urachus  (canal)  may  cause 
constant  dribbling  of  urine  through  the  navel.  Ligature 
or  stitch.    It  is  most  frequent  in  prematurely  born  calves. 


BLADDER   DISORDERS.  273 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  BLADDER  (CYSTITIS), 

Is  rare.  It  may  arise  from  the  use  of  cantharides  or 
injuries.  The  whole  bladder  or  its  neck  only  may  be  im- 
plicated. There  is  retention  of  urine,  which,  when  drawn 
off  with  a  catheter,  is  found  to  contain  albumen. 


Fig.  118.     Cystitis. 

Remedy. — Give  plenty  of  watery  gruel  and  nothing 
else,  and  apply  warm  or  cold  water  to  the  abdomen.  In- 
ject an  infusion  of  poppies  into  the  bladder  if  it  can  be 
done  without  increasing  the  inflammation. 

Stones  or  Calculus  Concretions  occur  in  the  kid- 
neys, bladder,  urethra,  &c,  of  the  ox  much  the  same  as 
in  the  horse,  and  are  treated,  when  treated  at  all,  in  a 
similar  way.  In  serious  cases  slaughter  is  preferable  to 
treatment.     (See  page  118.) 

Inversion  of  the  Bladder  (in  the  cow)  may  be  caused 
by  excessive  labor  pains.  The  organ  may  be  returned 
after  the  pains  have  ceased,  but  it  is  usually  better  to 
slaughter. 

Parasites    have  been  found  in  the  kidneys  of  the  ox. 


DISEASES    OF   THE    SKIN 


ERYTHEMA 

Consists  in  a  bright  redness,  diffused  generally  over  the 
skin,  and  more  or  less  regularly  exhibited.  When  press- 
ure is  applied,  this  redness  disappears,  but  is  soon  re- 
newed after  the  pressure  is  withdrawn.  The  disease  is 
rarely  seen  for  many  days  as  a  simple  erythema,  except 
in  parts  infected  by  parasites,  for  it  becomes  complicated 
by  the  formation  of  vesicles  or  even  pustules,  the  dis- 
charge from  which  will  mat  the  hair.  The  skin  may  ul- 
cerate and  slough  off  in  parts.  In  some  cases  the  disease 
remains  simple,  the  cuticle  is  shed,  and  health  returns. 
In  fatal  cases  of  simple  erythema,  the  redness  is  confined 
to  the  outer  layer  of  the  skin,  the  deeper  part  as  a  rule 
not  being  much  affected. 

Simple  erythema  may  become  chronic,  especially  on  the 
teats  of  cows  and  sheep.  The  skin  cracks  and  exudes  a 
thin,  gelatinous  fluid,  which  may  infect  the  lips  of  the 
calf  or  lamb. 

Remedy. — Begin  the  treatment  of  chronic  erythema 
with  a  laxative;  then  give  liquor  arsenicalis,  3  drams, 
bicarbonate  potassium,  1  oz.,  water,  1  pint,  twice  a  day, 
after  food. 

Erythema  of  the  Udder  seems  to  be  caused  by  a 
constitutional  specific  infection,  the  vesicles  formed  con- 
taining matter  which  causes  scarlet  fever  in  man.  When 
severe,  handling  the  teats  causes  great  pain.  The  milk 
should  be  drawn  with  a  siphon  and  rejected.  Eemove 
the  calf  and  dress  its  mouth  if  affected. 


SKIN   DISEASES.  275 

Remedy. — Ointment  :  Extract  belladonna,  1  part,  bo- 
ric acid,  2  parts,  carbolic  acid,  -J  part,  benzolated  lard, 
13  parts.  Ointment  of  eucalyptus  or  salicylic  acid  is  also 
good.     Support  udder  with  bandage  if  necessary. 

Compare  the  above  and  all  other  skin  diseases  of  cattle 
with  those  of  the  horse,  pages  157  to  176. 

ECZEMA 

Consists  in  vesicles  in  certain  parts  of  the  skin,  caus- 
ing denudation  of  the  hair.  There  is  much  itching  and 
rubbing,  the  latter  rendering  the  parts  raw.  Luxuriant 
growths  of  vesicles  succeed  each  other.  If  the  disease  be- 
comes chronic,  the  skin  thickens ,  and  cracks,  and  the 
fissures    may   even   become   long,    sluggish   ulcers.      The 


Fig.  119.     Rat-tails  of  chronic  Eczema. 

growths  called  rat-tails  may  be  produced,  especially  on 
the  legs.  Even  the  hoofs  may  slough,  so  virulent  is  the 
disease. 

Remedy. — Comfortable  quarters ,  give  a  laxative ;  dress 
parts  with  a  lead  and  morphia  (morphine)  preparation. 
Good  food;    cleanliness.  * 


276  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

ERYSIPELAS 

Affects  the  whole  thickness  of  the  skin,  sometimes  in- 
volving the  subcutaneous  tissue  also.  Pain  and  febrile 
symptoms  are  exhibited.  It  is  caused  by  injuries,  strong 
external  applications,  burns,  scalds,  &c.  The  skin  is  very 
red,  which  does  not  disappear  on  pressure.  The  inflam- 
mation may  disappear  or  it  may  end  in  ulceration,  mor- 
tification, or  gangrene. 

Remedy. — Draft :  Tincture  perchloride  of  iron,  1| 
oz.,  spirit  chloroform,  \  oz.,  water  in  proportion,  every  4 
hours;  or,  tincture  aconite  (V.  P.),  40  drops,  chlorate 
potassium,  3  drams,  water  in  proportion,  every  6  hours. 

HERPES   CIRCINATUS 

Consists  in  vesicles  similar  to  those  of  eczema,  which 
arrange  themselves  in  a  gradually  widening  ring  or  rings. 


Fig.  120.     Vesicles  forming.  Fig.  121.    Appearance  after  Vesi- 

cles have  burst  or  evaporated. 

The  vesicles  burst,  the  fluid  drying  and  forming  scabs  in 
eight  or  nine  days.  The  redness  of  the  skin  beneath 
gradually  dies  away. 

For  remedy,  see  page  162. 

SORE    LIPS   (IMPETIGO   LABIALIS), 

Occur  in  calves,  lambs,  goats,  and  pigs.  Sometimes  the 
face  and  lips  of  older  animals  at  grass  are  affected.  In 
calves  the  upper   lip   suffers  especially,  the  eruptions  ex- 


SKIN-   DISEASES. 


277 


tending  to  the  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  nostrils. 
The  disease  may  possibly  be  caused  by  the  richness  of 
the  milk  or  by  acrid  plants. 

Change  diet.  Apply  suitable  ointment.  A  purge  may 
be  useful. 

NETTLE-RASH   (URTICARIA), 

Consists  in  numerous  eruptions,  averaging  about  two 
and  a  half  inches  in  diameter.  There  is  great  itching, 
some  increase  of  temperature,  but  little  or  no  tenderness 
or  fever.  The  hair  is  shed  in  a  few  days,  leaving  bald 
patches.  The  eruptions  appear  suddenly,  and  usually  dis- 
appear in  about  twelve  days.  Cattle  that  have  been  badly 
kept  in  the  winter  and  have  become  rapidly  plethoric  are 
most  liable  to  the  disease  in  summer. 


Fig.  122.    Nettle-Rash  in  the  horse,  the  same  as  in  the  ox. 

Remedy. — Strong  saline  purge.  Paint  patches  with 
lotion  of  glycerine,  carbonate  of  sodium,  and  laudanum. 
Sulphur  and  bicarbonate  of  potassium  in  food.  Cleanli- 
ness, comfort. 

Draft :    Bicarbonate  potassium,  \  oz.,  bicarbonate  sodi- 


278  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

um,  |  oz.,  nitrate  potassium,  -J  oz.,  water  in  proportion, 
twice  daily. 

PRURIGO 

Is  sometimes  called  '  spring-lice/  It  is  especially  com- 
mon in  the  spring.  Pimples  appear  on  the  body  and  legs, 
crusts  form,  which,  with  the  hair,  are  shed.    Coat  stares. 

Treat  as  for  nettle-rash. 

ELEPHANTIASIS 

Is  said  to  be  "a  blood  disease,  probably  originating  in 
an  animal  poison,  and  manifestiug  its  existence  either  by 
the  deposition  of  a  peculiar  albuminous  substance  in  the 
skin,  mucous  membrane,  and  other  surface  tissues  of  the 
body,  or  by  affecting  chiefly  the  nervous  centers  and  the 
nerves.    This  double  mode  of  manifestation  of  the  disease 


Fig.  123.     Elephantiasis. 

has  caused  its  division  into  two  kinds — tubercular  and 
anaesthetic."  "Both  forms  are  chronic  in  their  course, 
commencing  insidiously,  progressing  slowly,  and  lasting 
for  years,  sometimes  terminating  in  spontaneous  cure  and 
sometimes  in  death."     (Erasmus  Wilson.) 

For  further  information  and  remedies,  see  page  164. 


SKIN"   DISEASES.  279 

ECTHYMA, 

Which  consists  of  large,  prominent,  well-defined,  and 
isolated  pustules,  is  rare.  The  pustules  burst,  produce  a 
dark -colored  scab,  which,  when  shed,  leaves  a  brown  stain. 


Fig.  124.     Ecthyma. 

The  disease  is  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  small-pox.    Treat 
as  for  nettle-rash. 

PEMPHIGUS 

Consists  in  watery  bladders,  which  appear  in  all  parts 
of  the  body.  In  severe  cases  the  bladders  may  contain 
pus  and  blood.  They  differ  in  size.  Some  are  as  large 
as  a  hen's  egg.  They  usually  appear  and  disappear  rap- 
idly, sometimes  in  a  few  hours.  The  chronic  form,  how- 
ever, may  last  for  months.  The  bladders  burst,  or  possi- 
bly dry  up  without  bursting.  Scabs  form,  which,  when 
shed,  reveal  a  red  spot. 

Remedy. — Open  bladders.  Gentle  purge  ;  then  alka- 
lies. Apply  astringent  powders,  such  as  starch  or  the 
oxide  of  zinc  ointment. 

Boils  (Furunculus)  are  caused  by  intense  localized 
inflammation,  involving  the  subcutaneous  areolar  tissue 
and  leading  to  death  of  a  part  of  the  structure,  which 
is  expelled  as  the  'core.'  Poultices  and  fomentations,  as 
in  man.     Ordinary  boils  may  be  left  to  nature. 


280  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

Carbuncles  differ  from  boils  mainly  in  the  large 
amount  of  tissue  which  dies.  Kemove  dead  tissue  with 
knife.  Antiseptic  dressings.  Tonics  if  necessary.  For 
lists  of  antiseptics  and  tonics,  see  pages  31  and  37  respec- 
tively. 

Scurf  (Pityriasis),  is  most  frequent  in  young  animals. 
Mild  sedative  ointment.     Change  diet. 

Naevus  means  a  slight  tumor  composed  of  blood  ves- 
sels. There  is  usually  some  enlargement  of  the  superfi- 
cial layer  of  the  skin. 

Warts  or  Angle  Beries  may  be  removed  with  the 
knife,  ligature,  or  ecraseur.  Stop  bleeding,  if  necessary, 
with  hot  iron.     Some  warts  are  as  large  as  apples. 

Baldness  (Alopecia),  may  sometimes  be  cured  by  mild 
but  repeated  stimulation  with  tincture  of  cantharides. 

Dropsy  (Anasarca),  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  body  is  not  very  rare.  Careful  nurs- 
ing;   hand  rubbing;    small  doses  of  digitalis. 

Emphysema  (Inflation),  is  caused  by  the  escape  of 
gases,  resulting  from  decomposition,  into  the .  subcutane- 
ous areolar  tissue,  as  may  be  seen  in  some  cases  of  black 
quarter.  Careful  feeding.  Give  stimulant.  Eub  surface. 
Make  incisions  through  skin  if  necessary.  Usually  there 
is  marked  debility. 


PARASITIC    SKIN    DISEASES. 


MANGE 

Is  caused  by  a  minute  acarus,  peculiar  to  cattle,  which 
burrows  itself  in  the  skin.     It  usually  first  appears  on  the 


Fig.  125.    The  mite  or  acarus  known  as  Dermatodectes  bovis.    Magnified. 

withers  and  the  root  of  the  tail,  whence  it  spreads.     The* 
parasite  may  sometimes  be  seen  in  the  removed  scurf  with 


282  THE    DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

the  naked  eye.  If  it  cannot,  use  the  microscope  to  be 
sure  as  to  the  exact  cause  of  the  trouble.  The  hair  of  a 
mangy  ox  comes  off  here  and  there,  and  the  removal  of 
the  dry  scales  reveals  small,  raw  pimples,  which  dis- 
charge a  yellowish,  watery  fluid.  In  chronic  cases  the 
skin  becomes  thick  and  folded.  The  disorder  is  peculiar 
to  .badly  kept  and  debilitated  animals. 


Fig.  126.    The  mite  or  aearas  known  as  Symbiotes  Bovis.    Magnified. 

Remedy. — 1.  Sulphur,  1  oz.,  lard,  1  oz.  2.  Oil  of 
stavesacre,  1  dram,  lard,  1  oz.  Either  of  these,  or  com- 
bine the  two  with  20  grains  of  white  precipitate  of  mer- 
cury.   "Wash  with  carbolic  acid  soap  and  water  before  ap- 


PARASITIC   SKIN    DISEASES. 


283 


plying  ointment.     Use  ointment  every  other  day  till  cured. 
Separate  affected  animals.     Disinfect  premises. 


Fig.  127.     A  piece  of  mangy  skin. 

RINGWORM 

Is  caused  by  two  kinds  of  fungus.  A  number  of  round, 
scabby  patches  appear,  usually  about  the  head  and  eyes, 
giving  the  animal  a  hideous  look.  The  rings  may  unite 
and  form  large  patches.  If  the  scabs  are  peeled  off,  a 
raw  surface  is  exposed,  whence  a  yellowish  fluid  exudes, 
by  the  drying  of  which  the  scabs  are  formed.  The  dis- 
ease is  contagious. 


Fig.  128.     Ringworm. 


Fig.  129.    Another  specimen  same. 

Remedy.— -Ointment   of   iodine,   or   ointment   of   acid 


284  THE   DISEASES   OE   CATTLE. 

nitrate  of  mercury,  or  oleate  of  copper,  1  part,  lard  5 
parts.  Lotions :  1.  Sulphurous  acid,  1  dram,  glycerine, 
3  drams.  2.  Perchloride  of  mercury,  1  part,  water,  500 
parts.     3.    Vinegar  of  cantharides. 

LICE 

May  be  killed  with  white  precipitate  of  mercury,  1  part, 
lard,  12  parts;  or,  stavesacre  seed,  ^  oz.,  soft  soap,  2  oz., 
the  bruised  seed  being  boiled  with  the  soap  in  a  pint  and 
a  half  of  water  till  only  one  pint  remains.  Tobacco  in- 
fusion is  also  good. 


BOT-FLIES,  GAD-FLIES,   FOUNDER,  &C. 


THE   WARBLE   OR    BOT-FLY 

Is  about  a  half  an  inch  in  length  and  somewhat  re- 
sembles the  bumble-bee.  It  causes  great  annoyance.  In 
summer  cattle  of  all  ages  may  be  seen  galloping  furiously 
about  their  pastures,  tails  uplifted,  in  a  state  of  great 
excitement.  Shortly  they  stop,  look  around  suspiciously, 
listen  to  the  buzzing  insects,  utter  a  wail,  and  are  off 
again. 

The  female  lays  its  eggs  on  the  back  of  the  ox  during 
the  latter   part   of   May,  and  from  that  time  on  till  the 


Fig.  130.     Warble  or  Bot-fly 
(CEstrus  Bovis). 


Fig.  131.    Pupa  (chrysalis  state) 
of  same. 


first  part  of  August.  In  December  the  lumps  enlarge, 
and  by  spring  become  about  the  size  of  small  walnuts. 
In  May  the  full-grown  warble  emerges,  remaining  in 
chrysalis  state  till  about  the  middle  of  June. 

Remedy. — The  ointment  of  mercury  will  destroy  the 
parasite,  a  portion  the  size  of  a  pea  being  enough. 

It  is  desirable  that  cattle  should  shelter  themselves  in 
sheds.  Shallow  pools  are  also  serviceable.  It  is  said  that 
the  bot-fly  will  not  pursue  its  victim  over  water.  (Gress- 
well.) 


286  THE   DISEASES   OE   CATTLE. 

THE    GAD-FLY 

Is  very  different  from  the  warble-fly.  It  pierces  the 
skin,  sncks  the  blood  and  causes  great  pain.    (Gresswell.) 

Remedy. — Rub  with  a  mixture  of  4  oz.  of  flowers  of 
sulphur,  1  gill  spirit  of  tar,  and  1  quart  of  train  oil ;  or 
a  mixture  of  spirit  of  tar,  linseed  oil,  sulphur,  and  car- 
bolic acid. 

FOUL   IN   THE    FOOT 

Is  usually  caused  by  dampness  and  is  greatly  aggrava- 
ted by  dirt  and  cold.  It  may,  however,  be  caused  by 
injuries  to  the  hoof  or  surrounding  parts.  Fetid  dis- 
charges often  issue  from  the  cleft  of  the  hoof.  Parts  of 
the  hoof  may  come  off,  leaving  an  exposed,  bleeding  sur- 
face, which  may  suppurate  and  even  ulcerate.  Fungoid 
granulations  may  arise  and  involve  the  foot  and  heel. 
The  fetlock  may  swell  and  the  general  health  be  affected. 
The  horn,  if  growing  irregularly,  may  split,  or  it  may 
cause  rupture  of  internal  tissues. 

Remedy. — Care  and  cleanliness;  place  on  level  floor, 
with  slight  backward  slope  of  course.  Pare  diseased  horn 
and  apply  linseed  poultice.  Purge  if  necessary.  Apply 
any  of  these  ointments  : 

1.  Carbolic  acid,  4  drams,  lard,  4  oz. 

2.  Boric  acid,  1  part,  lard,  7  parts. 

3.  Sulphate  of  copper,  finely  powdered,  1  part,  alum, 
finely  powdered,  1  part. 

4.  Nitrate  of  copper,  1  part,  tar,  6  parts. 

Wrap  hoof  with  antiseptic  tow  or  lint.  For  a  list  of 
antiseptics,  see  page  31. 

FOUNDER 

Is  uncommon,  nor  is  it  of  much  importance  in  the  ox. 
Purge;    rest;    cold  water  applications;    salines. 

Loss  of  a  hoof  may  arise  from  other  causes  than  foul 
or  founder  (laminitis),  as,  for  example,  catching  the  foot 


DISEASES  OF  EYES,   WOUNDS,    FRACTtllES,   ETC.         &8? 

in  a  stage-plank  in  shipping,  unshipping,  &c.    If  time  is 
allowed,  a  fairly  perfect  hoof  will  form. 

Cattle  are  sometimes  afflicted  with  fluke  or  liver  worms. 
The  latter  are  from  50  to  100  feet  long. 

Cattle  and  sheep  have  practically  the  same  diseases  of 
the  eyes  as  horses,  which  see  (pages  136  to  141).  Ordi- 
nary cases  may  be  treated  to  advantage,  but  in  severe 
cases  it  is  better  to  fatten  and  slaughter. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  wounds,  fractures,  sprains, 
tumors,  &c.  The  bleeding  that  usually  follows  broken 
horns  may  be  stopped  by  pressure  or  the  actual  cautery. 
Bind  a  tarred  cloth  over  the  orifice. 


TEETH,  GARGET,  ABORTION,  ETC. 


TEETH. 

The    eruption  or  cutting  of  the  permanent  or  second 
set  of  molar  teeth  is  occasionally  a  matter  of  some  diffi- 


Fig.  132.     Teeth  of  the  ox.     1.   Upper— a,  from  below;    &,  from. side.     2. 
Lower — a,  from  above;    &,  from  side. 

culty,  owing   to   the  unshed  crowns   of  the   temporary  or 
first  set  of  teeth  becoming  entangled  with  the  new  teeth. 


THE    IMPORTANCE   OF   DENTISTRY. 


280 


This  causes  irritation  and  prevents  the  animal  from  feed- 
ing. In  some  parts  of  the  country  such  animals  are  called 
"  rotten/'  from  their  emaciated  condition,  and  perhaps 
from  the  fetor  emanating  from  the  mouth.  When  cattle 
at  two   years  and  six  months,   or  about   that   time,   stop 


Fig.  133.     Incisors  of  the  ox.     a,  crown.      &,  root     c,  neck.     /  cutting 
margin,     g,  inner  edge.     A,  superior  surface.     B,  inferior  surface. 

feeding,  lose  condition,  or  drivel  from  the  mouth,  the 
teeth  should  be  examined,  and  if  the  unshed  molars  are 
causing  irritation,  they  should  l3e  removed  with  the  for- 
ceps. Hundreds  of  young  cattle  have  been  sacrificed  from 
this  cause — actually  dying  of  starvation.     (Williams.) 

GARGET   (MAMMITIS), 

Or  inflammation  of  the  udder,  may  occur  shortly  or 
some  time  after  calving.  It  is  often  difficult  to  treat. 
The  whole  udder  or  one  or  two  only  of  its  four  quarters 
may  be  affected ;  usually  the  latter.  There  is  heat,  swell- 
ing, redness,  and  pain,  and  sometimes  febrile  symptoms. 
If  properly  treated,  the  disease  subsides,  but  severe  cases 
may  end  in  exudation,  suppuration,  or  abscess.  A  large 
part  of  the  gland  may  become  indurated  and  suffer  a  per- 
manent loss  of  secreting  power.     There  may  be  lameness 


290  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

in  one  hind  leg ;  pulse  quick  and  hard ;  chewing  cud 
may  be  suspended,  appetite  lost,  &c. 

The  disorder  may  be  caused  by  blows,  scratches,  or  other 
injuries,  and  perhaps  from  plethora  at  the  time  of  calv- 
ing. Heifers  are  especially  liable  to  the  disorder,  and  the 
heat  of  summer  is  said  to  be  an  exciting  cause. 

Remedy. — Bleed  and  purge  if  necessary.  Foment  ud- 
der with  warm  water;  apply  linseed  poultice  containing 
2  to  4  drams  of  extract  of  belladonna.  Milk  regularly. 
Draft :  Bicarbonate  potassium,  1  oz.,  tincture  aconite,  40 
drops,  water  in  proportion;  or,  nitrate  potassium,  1  oz., 
tincture  aconite,  40  drops,  water  in  proportion,  every  4 
hours,  and  then  3  times  daily  as  long  as  the  temperature 
remains  high. 

For  chronic  hardening  inject  bicarbonate  of  potassium, 
1  dram,  water,  1  oz.  Rub  with  acetic  liniment.  Draft : 
Bicarbonate  potassium,  1  oz.,  iodide  potassium,  2  drams, 
water  in  proportion,  twice  daily. 

Sore  and  Obstructed  Teats  are  caused  by  minute 
tumors  and  milk  stones  in  the  canal  of  the  teat.  Pass  a 
silver  or  other  probe.  A  clean,  oiled  knitting  needle 
will  answer.  Warts  about  the  end  of  the  teats  should  be 
removed  by  ligature.  Sore  or  chapped  teats  are  best 
treated  with  ointment  of  turpentine. 

ABORTION 

Is  liable  to  occur  frequently  and  at  almost  any  period 
of  pregnancy.  It  is  sometimes  epizootic.  It  has  many 
causes,  such  as  all  kinds  of  unsanitary  conditions,  me- 
chanical injuries,  overdriving,  innutritions  and  badly  pre- 
pared food,  ergotized  grain  and  poisonous  plants,  con- 
sumption, sympathy  (the  sympathy  of  a  well  cow  with  an 
aborted  cow),  malformations,  blood  and  other  diseases, 
close  in-and-in-breeding,  the  prolonged  use  of  one  bull  in 
a  herd,  &c.     A   cow  that  has   once  aborted    is   liable   to 


ABORTION   AND   RETAINED   PLACENTA   REMEDIES.      201 

abort  again.     Such  had  better  be  fattened  and  killed  for 
food. 

Remedy. — Isolate  aborted  animals;  burn,  disinfect,  or 
deeply  bury  fetus  and  placenta.  Disinfect  and  cleanse 
premises.  Irrigate  uterus,  vagina,  tail,  &c,  with  an  ef- 
fectual germicide,  such  as  corrosive  sublimate,  1  part, 
common  salt,  40  parts,  clean  rain  water,  4,000  parts;  or, 
mercuric  iodide  and  potassium  iodide,  1  part  each,  water, 
1,000  parts.  Use  these  injections  to  prevent  abortion  in 
cows  that  have  been  herded  with  the  aborted.  Prevent 
use  of  bull  with  balanitis  (inflammation  of  mucous  mem- 
brane of  penis).     Gentle  laxative;   quiet;    tonics. 

RETENTION  OF  THE  PLACENTA  (THE  AFTER- 
BIRTH), 

Often  follows  abortion,  but  it  also  follows  an  otherwise 
natural  delivery.  It  may  be  caused  by  weakness  or  con- 
traction of  the  uterus.  Decomposition  of  the  placenta 
causes  blood  poisoning  and  death. 

Remedy. — Epsom  salt,  16  oz.,  carbonate  ammonium, 
4  drams,  in  2  pints  warm  water,  repeated  next  day  if 
necessary.  Traction  (or  attraction)  may  be  applied  by 
the  medium  of  the  protruding  part  of  the  cord,  the  ef- 
forts made  coinciding  with  the  labor  pains;  or  the  pro- 
jecting parts  may  be  rolled  round  two  sticks.  If  this 
does  not  suffice,  introduce  the  hand  gently  and  detach 
the  placental  lobes.  After  removal,  wash  uterus  with 
chlorinated  lime.  Gentle  laxative  if  necessary  and  plenty 
of  good  gruel.    Brandy,  spirit  of  niter,  &c,  if  necessary. 

Inversion  of  the  Bladder  is  not  frequent  in  cows, 
but  it  is  usually  fatal.  The  bladder  has  the  appearance 
of  a  tumor.  The  end  of  the  canals  which  convey  the 
urine  from  the  kidneys  to  the  bladder  may  be  seen  on 
either  side ;  also  the  escaping  urine.  In  the  early  stage 
return  is  not  difficult.     If  it  cannot  be  returned,  slaughter. 


292  THE   DISEASES   OF   CATTLE. 

Inversion  of  the  Vagina  usually  occurs  iu  the  de- 
bilitated and  before  birth.  Bathe  with  cold  water,  re- 
turn part,  and  use  truss  till  birth-time.     Good  food. 

Inversion  of  the  Uterus  is  common.  Cleanse  of 
dung,  straw,  &c,  and  then  detach  the  afterbirth.  Place 
on  clean  cloth,  with  a  man  supporting  on  each  side. 
Gentle  and  increasing  pressure  on  neck  of  uterus  ■  then 
apply  fist  to  lower  part. 


Fig.  134.     Truss  for  Inversion  of  Uterus  (prolapsus  uteri). 

It  may  be  necessary  to  cast  and  place  cow  on  back,  the 
hind  parts  being  somewhat  elevated  with  straw.  After 
return,  apply  a  truss.  Give  opium  if  required.  In  some 
cases  it  may  be  necessary  to  ligature  the  neck  of  the 
uterus  and  cut  off  the  remainder.  This  operation — am- 
putation of  the  uterus — is  of  somewhat  common  occur- 
rence. 

Dropsy  of  the  Uterus  is  not  uncommon.  The  cow 
looks  as  if  in  calf,  so  distended  is  the  womb  with  water. 
The  closed  mouth  of  the  uterus  may  be  dilated  with  the 
finger. 


NATURAL   BIRTHS,    TWINS,    ETC.  293 

Malformation  of  the  Uterus  is  seen  in  hermaphro- 
dite heifers,  which  are  generally  sterile. 

In  a  natural  birth  the  fore  feet  appear  first,  the  head, 
resting  on  the  fore  legs,  next.  There  are  many  "false 
presentations,"  besides  which  the  head  of  the  fetus  may 
be  enlarged  by  water  on  the  brain,  or  its  abdomen  may 
be  enlarged  by  dropsy.     Such  cases  require  surgical  skill. 

Twins  are  somewhat  frequent.  When  one  has  been 
removed,  look  for  another.  They  usually  lie  in  reverse 
positions,  one  being  presented  in  the  natural  way,  the 
other  with  its  hind  legs  first.  Twins  are  usually  small, 
and  are  therefore  delivered  without  much  difficulty.  They 
are  apt  to  become  fixed  together  in  the  genital  passages. 
In  such  cases,  the  state  of  affairs  having  been  ascertained, 
the  fore  legs  of  the  naturally  presented  calf  are  to  be 
secured  with  ropes.  These  being  kept  tight,  the  other 
calf  is  forced  back  into  the  uterus.  The  first  can  then 
be  removed  in  the  natural  way.  The  second  will  usually 
follow.  | 

0 

Obstructions  in  the  Teats  are  not  rare.  In  milk- 
ing the  animal,  they  can  be  felt  as  knots  along  the  course 
of  the  duct,  and  the  flow  will  be  more  or  less  impeded. 
These  are  masses  of  curdled  milk,  small  tumors  attached 
by  pedicles  to  the  mucous  membrane,  or  'lacteal  calculi/ 
They  must  be  removed,  as  they  tend  to  produce  mammi- 
tis  (inflammation  of  the  mammary  or  milk  glands).  This 
is  not  always  an  easy  matter.  When  not  removed,  they 
may  be  returnable  to  the  contiguous  sinuses  (cavities), 
where  they  will  often  remain  without  causing  incon- 
venience. 


Fig.  135.     The  ox  prepared  for  casting. 


PART     III. 


THE    DISEASES    OF    SHEEP. 


The  diseases  of  sheep,  says  Walley,  are  usually  caused 
by  an  altered  condition  of  the  blood,  namely,  deficiency 
in  quantity,  excess  of  normal  elements,  impoverishment 
and  degradation,  depraved  condition,  &c.  In-breeding  is 
a  predisposing  cause  of  disease.  The  rams  should  be 
changed  every  year  or  two.  Fatigue,  clipping,  and  ex- 
posure to  cold  wind  (sufficient  to  cause  a  chill)  induce 
congestion  of  the  lungs.  Sheep  can  stand  almost  any 
degree  of  cold  alone,  but  they  cannot  stand  cold  and  wet 
combined.  This  is  especially  true  of  lambs.  Cold  and 
moisture  arrest  the  secretion  of  the  yolk  or  greasy  matter 
exuded  by  the  skin,  rendering  the  wool  dry  and  harsh 
instead  of  greasy. 

Avoid  overfeeding  and  sudden  changes  of  food  and 
management.  Also  the  procreative  exhaustion  of  the 
rams  and  the  excessive  excitement  of  the  ewes.  Also 
filthy,  decaying,  moldy,  or  frosted  (frozen)  food  and  im- 
pure water.  Also  overforcing  the  fattening  process,  es- 
pecially with  such  foods  as  Waterloo  cake,  cotton  cake, 
turnips,  and  swedes. 

The  sheep,  like  the  ox,  has  four  stomachs.  The  fourth 
is  the  true  digestive  stomach,    This  complicated  digestive 


296  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

apparatus  should  be  aided,  when  necessary,  by  health- 
giving  foods,  such  as  oats  (crushed  preferred),  bran, 
crushed  linseed,  and  ground  malt.  Corn,  beans,  peas, 
and  wheat  are  good  when  given  in  their  proper  place  and 
quantity.  Also  thousand  headed  or  other  cabbage.  Mut- 
ton grown  on  ling  and  heather  is  sweeter  and  more  sat- 
isfying than  that  of  trough  or  manger- fed  sheep.  Tur- 
nips and  swedes  alone  are  very  bad,  especially  when  filthy. 
They  produce  flesh  but  no  blood. 

"  I  have  seen  sheep,  especially  lambing  ewes,  that  have 
been  fed  ad  libitum  on 'swedes,  without  any  complemen- 
tary food,  die  in  dozens,  their  carcasses  laden  with  fat, 
but  not  a  teacupful  of  blood  in  the  veins  of  any  of  them. 
In  the  case  of  breeding  ewes,  I  have  seen  the  recently 
born  lambs  the  subjects  of  internal  dropsies.  Again,  I 
have  seen  ewes  fed  in  the  same  way,  on  swedes  which 
have  been  forced  with  artificial  manures,  especially  phos- 
phatic  manure,  die  in  dozens  from  milk  fever  (so  called  in 
some  districts),  while  their  lambs  have  succumbed  to  joint- 
ill.  Prof,  Robertson  says  he  has,  by  way  of  experiment, 
produced  these  diseases  at  will."     (Walley.) 

THRUSH    OR    APHTHA 

Has  a  benign  as  well  as  a  malignant  form.  The  benign 
form  usually  attacks  lambs,  and  the  malignant  may  be 
communicated  to  them  by  the  milk.  Both  forms  are  at- 
tributed to  a  fungus,  the  benign  to  that  known  as  '  oidi- 
um  albicans/  The  benign  is  short-lived.  It  is  character- 
ized by  a  whitish,  furred  eruption  in  the  mouth,  with  a 
little  fever  and  diarrhea. 

The  malignant  form  not  only  has  eruptions  in  the 
mouth,  but  also  on  the  lips  and  about  the  body,  with 
bleeding  ulceration,  diarrhea,  or  dysentery,  and  even  pu- 
trefactive fever  and  abscesses  about  the  head  and  lungs, 
constituting  pyaemia  (purulent  contamination  of  the  blood). 

Remedy. — Alum,  borax,  sulphurous  acid,  chlorine,  or 


ERYTHEMA.    ECZEMA,    CARBUNCLE.  297 

potassium  chlorate  solutions  locally.     Electuaries  (confec- 
tions) of  oxymel,  glycerine,  and  Avater,  and   glyceride  of 
starch.     Laxatives,    salines,    hydrargyrum   cum   creta   for 
gastric  disorder.     Tonics.     Soft,  digestible  food. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ERYTHEMA 

Is  described  on  pages  157  and  274.  If  the  lambs  are 
allowed  to  suck,  protect  the  teats  with  a  gutta-percha 
shield;  otherwise  they  may  become  very  sore.  If  they 
do  become  sore,  place  the  ewes  on  a  scanty  pasture  apart 
from  the  lambs.  Kub  the  teats  with  boric  or  salicylic 
acid  ointment  night  and  morning.  Cleanse  first  if  nec- 
essary. 

ECZEMA   OF   THE    LIPS 

Is  usually  attributed  to  the  irritation  of  fine  particles 
of  sand  or  gravel,  aggravated  by  long-continued  wet,  but 
in  some  instances  it  may  be  caused  by  indigestion  or 
stomach  irritation,  and  probably  the  irritating  action  of 
pollen  grain.  It  is  a  mild  affection,  consisting  of  crops 
of  small  bladders  on  the  lips,  with  some  local  inflamma- 
tion and  slight  fever.  If  neglected  and  its  cause  be  un- 
removed,  serious  results  may  follow.  The  lips  become 
greatly  swollen,  misshaped,  and  tender,  the  skin  chapped 
and  ulcerated.  Small  abscesses  form  along  the  side  of  the 
face  and  in  the  lungs,  followed  by  suppuration  of  the 
neck  glands.     Flesh  useless. 

Remedy. — Change  the  pasture,  give  a  little  laxative 
medicine,  and  smear  some  protective  agent,  such  as  car- 
bolized  lard,  over  the  lips. 

CARBUNCLE 

Is  less  frequent  than  eczema,  but  is  common  in  lambs, 
especially  during  the  autumn  months.  It  is  often  called 
'  hair  and  hoof  and  '  orf.'  Like  eczema,  it  is  usually  of 
a  mild  character.     If  neglected,   it  may  lead   to  deep- 


298  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

seated  inflammation,  ultimately  causing  death  by  exhaus- 
tion or  blood  poisoning.  Its  cause  is  not  known,  but  it 
may  be  due  to  a  depraved  condition  of  the  blood,  as  the 
result  of  injudicious  management,  to  irritation  of  the 
stomach  and  bowels,  to  a  microscopic  parasite  acting  lo- 
cally, or  to  a  parasitic  product,  such  as  ergot,  acting  sys- 
temically. 

The  disease  first  appears  as  a  painful,  circumscribed 
swelling  on  the  coronet  or  lip,  or  both.  Ulceration  of 
the  skin  results,  and  an  angry  looking  sore,  associated 
with  considerable  thickening  of  the  surrounding  tissues, 
is  formed.  If  properly  treated,  this  sore  quickly  heals, 
but  if  irritated  by  dirt  or  otherwise,  it  takes  on  unhealthy 
action,  spreads,  and  becomes  very  intractable.  Treat  as 
for  eczema. 

ECTHYMA, 

Consisting  of  small,  pointed,  pustular  eruptions,  occurs 
often  in  the  summer  time.  It  causes  very  little  general 
disturbance,  and   is   of  little   importance   except  for  the 


Fig.  136.     Ecthyma.     Compare  with  figures  137,  138  (opposite  page.) 

fact  that  it  may  possibly  be  mistaken  for  sheep-pox,  a 
very  serious  disease.  The  pustules  dry  up  without  leav- 
ing a  scar.     The  disease  is  sometimes  called  acne. 

See  pages  163,  279  for  further  information  concerning 
this  disease, 


FORMS   AND   STAGES   OF   SHEEP-POX. 


299 


SHEEP-POX   (VARIOLA   OVIN/E), 

Is  a  contagious,  infectious,  and  eruptive  disease,  anal- 
ogous  to   small-pox  and   cow-pox;    said   to   depend   on  a 


Fig.  131.    Sheep-pox.     a,  the  eruptive  stage.     6,  the  pustular  stage. 


Fig.  138.    The  Confluent  Form  (union  of  two  or  more  pustules). 

microbe ;  runs  a  definite  course,  and  as  a  rule  occurs  but 
once, 


300  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

There  is  both  a  benign  and  a  malignant  form.  The 
malignant  form  never  joroduces  vesicles;  the  sheep  lose 
their  eyes;  the  wool  falls  off;  the  skin  cracks  in  a  zig- 
zag manner,  and  the  nostrils  become  filled  with  a  fetid 
discharge.  In  the  benigti  form  genuine  vesicles  appear, 
which,  after  the  scabs  fall,  leave  pits  in  the  skin,  on 
which  the  wool  never  grows  again. 

According  to  Prof.  Simonds,  the  disease  is  not  com- 
municable to  the  cow  or  to  children.  Saccho,  however, 
says  that  '  ovination '  is  protective  against  small-pox. 

Symptoms. — In  36  to  48  hours  temperature  rises  to 
105°,  or  even  107  or  108° ;  skin  dotted  with  bright  red 
pimples;  eyes  bloodshot,  and  in  severe  cases  the  lids  are 
swollen  and  tears  trickle  down  the  face ;  breathing  quick 
and  short;    mucous  discharge  from  nostrils,  &c. 

Remedy. — Isolate  healthy  and  watch  them.  G-ood 
nursing.  Gentle  aperients;  salines.  Tonics;  stimulants; 
nutritive,  digestible  food  for  convalescents.  Inoculation 
of  healthy  sheep  produces  a  rather  severe  and  contagious 
form  of  the  disease. 

MALIGNANT   CATARRH 

Is  often  very  destructive  to  hill  sheep,  especially  in  bad 
seasons.  It  is  very  intractable.  Beginning  apparently  as 
a  simple  cold,  it  is  soon  followed  by  destructive  inflam- 
mation and  ulceration  of  the  lining  of  the  nostrils;  these 
in  turn  by  abscesses  in  the  glands  of  the  face  and  throat; 
also  in  the  lungs,  and,  if  the  animal  lives  long  enough, 
by  wasting  and  diarrhea.  The  disease  is  probably  caused 
by  a  micrococcus.     (Walley.) 

Sheep  sometimes  suffer  from  simple  catarrh,  laryngitis, 
and  bronchitis.  (See  pages  70,  82,  258  &c.)  Verminous 
bronchitis  is  caused  by  worms  in  the  air  tubes.  (See 
husk.) 


A   MAKGE   PARASITE.  301 

MANGE,   SCABIES,   OR   SCAB 

Is  caused  by  a  parasite  (Psoroptes  oris).  The  parasites 
cause  great  irritation  and  itching.  Sheep  will  rub  them- 
selves against  anything.     To   make  sure   as   to  the  para- 


Fig.  139.     The  mite  or  aearus  known  as  Dermatodectes  oris.     Magnified. 

sites,  remove  a  little  scurf  and  examine  with  a  pocket 
lens  or  microscope.  If  neglected  the  parasites  will  spread 
to  a  whole  flock  and  cause  great  loss. 

Remedy. — Dress  with  corrosive  sublimate,  1  part,  com- 
mon salt,  8  parts,  water,  500  parts.  Decoction  of  tobac- 
co, 1  part,  water,  40  parts.     Stavesacre  decoction — 1  part 


SW2 


'HIE   DISEASES   OE   SIIEEP. 


Fi?-  m  «  «=  ar*  srciWr  — . 

In  all  bad  cases   the   sheer)   rimnM    k«    i  i 

the  affected  parts  well  J&  5h  Jo t«h  C  b  T  ? 
-ctieide   is  appIied.     Isolato  8fle£^;  JJ^ 


ANOTHER   MANGE    PARASITE.  30^ 

racks,  rubbing  posts,  &c,  with  corrosive  sublimate  solu- 
tion. 


Fis:.  141.     Same  from  above. 


FOOT-ROT 

Is  inflammation  and  ulceration  affecting  various  struc- 
tures of  the  foot,  and  is  frequently  contagions.  (1)  Abra- 
sion of  horn ;  inflammation  of  secreting  surfaces  of  sole 
or  walls,  beginning  below  and  extending  upward.  (2)  In- 
flammation of  interdigital  structures,  with  burrowing  of 
discharges  under  the  horn  of  inner  walls  of  digits,  be- 
ginning above  and  extending  downward.  The  latter  is 
the  more  contagious  form. 


304 


THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 


Williams  says  the  disease  is  not  contagious. 
Remedy. — Remove   diseased   horn   and    any   irritating 
foreign  bodies.    Dress  with  mercuric  nitrate  solution,,  zinc 


Fig.  142.     Confirmed  stage  of  the  first  form  of  Foot-Rot. 


Fig.  143.     The  condition  of  the  internal  wall  of  the  digit  in  an  early 
stage  of  the  disease. 

chloride,  carbolic  acid,  tar  oils,  or  silver  nitrate,  the 
strength  of  the  dressings  being  regulated  according  to 
circumstances.  Gutta-percha  varnish  may  be  sometimes 
usefully  applied  over  dressing.    Walk  sheep  through  wood- 


THE    DEADLY   FLUKE   WORM. 


305 


en  trough  containing  1  lb.  each  of  arsenic  and  sodium 
carbonate  and  50  gallons  of  water ;  or,  1  part  copper  sul- 
phate to  50  parts  of  water.-  Avoid  beans  and  other  forc- 
ing food.     Transfer  flock  to  dry,  upland  pastures. 


F\g.  144.    Foot  four  weeks  after  first  or 
febrile  stage. 


Fig.  145.     Bandage  for 
Foot-Rot. 


ROT   OR    FLUKE    DISEASE 

Is  caused-  by  a  flat  worm  known  as  the  fluke  (Distoma 
hepaticum  or  Fasciola  hepaticum),  which  inhabits  the 
bile  ducts  of  the  liver,  causing  extensive  inflammation, 
from  which  result  various  organic  changes,  such  as  har- 
dening and  softening,  leading  in  the  end  to  destruction 
of  its  function  and,  as  a  result,  wasting,  lack  of  blood, 
dropsy,  diarrhea,  and  death  from  exhaustion.  When  cold 
nights  follow  warm  days,  many  die  from  congestion  of 
the  lungs  as  the  result  of  chill. 

The  worm  is  seldom  more  than  an  inch  in  length.  It 
is  bisexual  (hermaphrodite),  and  is  propagated  by  eggs, 
which   are   passed    out   with    the   bile   and   the   dung  in 


306  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

countless  numbers,  often  lodging  on  the  grass.  If  they 
fall  on  dry  soil,  they  are  harmless;  if  on  wet  soil,  the 
disease  is  propagated  to  other  sheep.  The  egg  is  oval  in 
shape,  has  a  lid  at  one  extremity,  and  contains  an  em- 
bryo which,  when  matured,  is  provided  with  delicate, 
hair-like  processes  known  as  cilia.  The  lid  is  lifted,  al- 
lowing the  embryo  to  escape.  The  latter  at  once  begins 
to  search  for  a  particular  snail  (the  Limnus  truncatulus), 
whose  body  it  penetrates  by  the  aid  of  a  boring  appara- 
tus. It  undergoes  a  series  of  wonderful  changes  in  form, 
passing  through  several  generations,  until  a  tadpole-like 
creature  is  produced.  Emerging,  it  encysts  itself  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  blades  of  grass,  from  whence  sheep  pick 
it  up  in  grazing. 

Sheep  are  more  susceptible  to  rot  than  other  animals 
simply  because  they  bite  closer.  A  hog-mouthed  sheep 
escapes;  but  many  cattle  and  sometimes,  in  wet  seasons, 
colts  also  suffer. 

Rot  is  never  seen  on  dry  lands,  nor  on  salt  marshes; 
and  even  rotting  grounds  are  safe  after  a  frost. 

Prevention. — Drain,  and  thereby  kill  the  snails;  salt 
the 'pastures,  and  thereby  kill  both  the  snails  and  embryo 
worms;  slaughter  sheep,  mixing  their  excrements  with 
lime  or  salt;  destroy  the  liver,  intestines,  &c,  totally. 
Isolate  sound  sheep. 

The  disease  can  be  detected  early  by  the  sheep  thriv- 
ing very  rapidly  and  by  the  yellow  tinge  of  the  membrane 
of  the  eye. 

Remedy. — Concentrated,  dry  food.  Common  salt  and 
ferrous  sulphate  dissolved  in  water,  given  daily,  mixed 
with  bran  or  crushed  grain.  Slaughter  all  marketable 
sheep. 

For  doses  of  '  furrous  sulphate'  (sulphate  of  iron),  see 
page  21. 


REMEDY   FOR    DIARRHEA   AND   DYSENTERY.  30? 

DIARRHEA 

In  the  lamb  is  caused  by  unwholesome  milk,  cold,  grass 
(the  sudden  change  from  milk  to  grass),  &c.  In  severe 
cases  death  sometimes  results  in  24  hours.  Full-grown 
sheep  also  suffer,  especially  when  the  new  grass  comes  on 
in  the  spring. 

Remedy. — Prepared  chalk,  1  oz.,  powdered  catechu,  £ 
oz.,  powdered  ginger,  2  drams,  powdered  opium,  -J  dram, 
peppermint  water,  -J  pint;  1  to  2  tablespoonfuls  morning 
and  night.  A  teaspoonful  of  laudanum  and  a  tablespoon- 
ful  of  rum  or  gin,  well  mixed,  is  good ;  repeated  in  half 
doses  if  needed.  Also  1J  dram  alum  in  half  pint  warm 
water. 

DYSENTERY 

Usually  appears  in  hot  weather,  with  excess  of  moisture, 
on  rank  pastures,  and  on  overstocked  and  consequently 
befouled  pastures;  in  dry  summers  on  lands  having 
stagnant  pools  of  water,  with  rank  growth  of  grass  around 
their  borders. 

The  exact  nature  of  the  disease  has  not  been  deter- 
mined yet  even  in  man,  but  it  is  believed  to  be  caused 
by  a  fungus.  Shepherds  entertain  such  positive  views  as 
to  its  contagiousness  as  to  lead  them  to  smear  tar  on  the 
nose.  They  had  better  smear  it  on  the  skin  under  the 
tail,  or  remove  the  sheep  from  the  contaminated  pastures 
and  apply  a  top  dressing  of  lime  or  salt. 

Remedy. — If  there  is  any  prospect  of  cure,  give  an 
ounce  of  castor  oil  with  about  30  drops  of  laudanum  in 
a  little  gruel ;  repeat  if  necessary,  or  give  an  astringent 
as  for  diarrhea.  Cleanse  with  warm  water  and  carbolic 
acid  soap.  Dress  any  sores  with  carbolic  or  salicylic  acid, 
or  lard  mixed  with  a  few  drops  of  spirit  of  tar.  Tempt 
appetite  with  well  compounded  gruel. 


308  THE   DISEASES   OP   SHEEP. 

CARBUNCULAR    FEVER   (ANTHRAX), 

Is  caused,  says  AValley,  by  a  minute,  staff-like  organism, 
termed,  from  its  shape,  a  bacillus,  and  belonging  to  the 
class  of  fission  (generative)  fungi.  It  is,  on  the  whole, 
the  largest  of  this  class  of  fungi  found  in  animals,  and 
in  the  blood,  streams  and  tissues  multiplies  only  by  fission ; 
but  when  cultivated  in  proper  media,  or,  what  is  of  more 
importance  to  farmers,  when  it  gains  access  to  suitable 
soils,  it  multiplies  rapidly  by  spores,  which  by  various 
agencies  find  their  way  on  to  vegetables  grown  on  such 
soils  and  into  drinking  water,  and  produce  the  disease  in 
other  animals  that  may  partake  of  the  contaminated  food 
and  water. 

These  organisms,  and  particularly  their  spores,  possess 
a  wonderful  vitality,  and  retain  their  destructive  proper- 
ties for  a  very  considerable  period  in  the  earth.  Hence 
the  necessity  of  utterly  destroying  every  part  of  the  car- 
cass, the  blood,  and  internal  organs  of  animals  which 
have  died  of  the  disease. 

The  disease  is  communicable  to  man,  and  is  known  un- 
der various  designations  in  many  parts  of  the  world. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  may  be  disseminated  by 
artificial  manures,  and  sometimes  even  by  artificial  food, 
as  it  often  appears  in  situations  where  it  has  never  been 
seen  before. 

Anthrax,  which,  owing  to  the  dark  color  of  the  local 
lesions,  is  compared  to  a  burning  coal,  is  the  most  deadly 
disease  of  its  class.  So-called  '  red  braxy '  is  often  noth- 
ing more  or  less  than  anthrax. 

'  Black-leg '  is  a  disease  somewhat  allied  to  anthrax,  but 
the  organism  that  produces  it  is  of  a  rather  different 
character,  and  it  is  much  less  virulent. 

Remedy. — Free  scarification  of  limited  external  swell- 
ings and  introduction  of  antiseptics  seem  to  arrest  some 
slight  cases.     Intra-venous   injection   of  virus  usually  in- 


WATERY   BRAIN   CYSTS. 


309 


sures  immunity  from  attack.  Setons  produce  a  condition 
of  the  body  less  favorable  to  development  of  micro-organ- 
isms. Careful  dietary.  Kemoval  from  exposed,  undrained, 
infected  grazings. 

Compare  above  article  with  pages  225,  226. 

STURDY,    GID,   TURNSICK, 

Also  known  as  turnside,  goggles,  vertigo,  &c,  is  due  to 
a  bladder  worm  in  the  brain.  It  is  called  sturdy  because 
the  animal  is  stupid.  A  synonymous  term  in  Norfolk, 
England,  is  '  dunt/  If  the  sheep  turns  to  one  side  or 
round  and  round,  it  is  known  as  turnsick,  gid,  &c,  while, 
owing  to  peculiarities  of  gait,  sheep  are  said  to  be  sailors, 
trotters,  or  swervers.  The  disease  is  peculiar  to  cattle 
also. 


Fig.  146.   Brain  of  sheep,  showing  hyda- 
tids or  tapeworm  cysts. 


Fig    14?.   Cyst,  showing  em- 
bryo worms  in  various 
stages  development. 


The  bladder  worm  or  hydatid  is  the  immature  form  of 
one  of  the  tapeworms  of  the  dog;  possibly  also  the  fox. 
It  is  known  as  the  many-headed  hydatid.  Sheep  become 
the  victims  of  it  by  swallowing  the  eggs  of  the  tapeworm 
while  grazing.  The  embryo  finds  its  way  to  the  brain 
either  by  the  circulation  or  by  boring,  and  sometimes  it 
gains  access  to  the  spinal  cord,  in  the  neck,  and  causes 
the  condition  known  as  thorter-ill. 


310 


THE    DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 


Prevention  consists  in  destroyi ng  the  brain  instead  of 
throwing  it  to  the  dogs.  Keep  dogs  as  free  from  tape- 
worms as  possible. 


Fig.  148.    Large  conic  Trephine  on  handle ;    small  conic  on  right ;    cyl- 
indric  on  left. 

Remedy. — Trephine;  remove  by  trocar.  But  it  is 
better  to  kill  the  animal  as  soon  as  it  shows  symptoms 
of  the  disease,  and  make  the  best  of  it. 

HOOSE    OR    HUSK, 

Scientifically  known  as  verminous  bronchitis,  a  parasitic 
disease  of  lambs  and  calves,  is  caused  by  a  round  worm 
(Strongylus.filarius),  which  when  mature  resembles  a  piece 
of  white  thread.  The  female,  which  is  larger  than  the 
male,  is  about  1-J  to  2  inches' long.  It  inhabits  the  wind- 
pipe and  bronchial  tubes,  but  its  embryos  gain  access  to 
the  deeper  parts  of  the  lungs,  causing  much  irritation 
and  patchy  inflammation.  The  development  of  the  worm 
is  not  understood.  One  thing,  however,  is  certain — salt 
spread  over  the  contaminated  pastures  is  a  preventive. 
Drainage  is  also  useful.  Destroy  the  lungs  instead  of 
feeding  them  to  either  people  or  cats.  Cooking,  however, 
kills  the  worms. 


REMEDY   FOR   WORMS.  311 

Many  sheep  suffering  from  hoose  die  from  debility  in- 
duced by  diarrhea.  Others  die  from  suffocation,  and  many 
from  congestion  of  the  lungs,  if  exposed  to  a  chill.  "Yel- 
lowish, millet-seed-like  knots  are  found  in  the  lungs  of 
thousands  of  slaughtered  sheep.  They  have  often  been 
mistaken  for  tubercle  (consumption),  but  the  microscope 
reveals  the  embryonic  parasite  in  their  interior. 

Remedy.— Oil  of  turpentine,  given  in  oil,  milk,  or 
lime  water;  it  is  still  more  prompt  and  effectual  when 
injected  into  the  trachea.  Sulphurous  or  chlorine  inha- 
lations ;  spirit  of  chloroform,  swallowed.  Liberal,  concen- 
trated dietary.  Isolate  healthy  sheep. 
For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ANOTHER   WORM. 

Another  round  worm,  the  twisted  strongyle  (Strongy- 
lus  contortus),  is  often  the  cause  of  great  loss  among 
sheep.  It  is  small,  resembles  a  piece  of  red  thread,  and 
clings,  by  aid  of  barbs,  to  the  membrane  of  the  fourth 
stomach.  It  causes  inflammation,  diarrhea,  wasting,  and 
death.  It  is  most  seen  on  old  pasture  land,  where  there 
is  plenty  of  fog  for  cover.  Hence  the  necessity  of  remov- 
ing the  fog  from  such  pastures  by  burning  and  by  chain 
harrows.  Top  dressing  with  lime  or  salt  should  also  be 
tried. 

Remedy.— Chabert's  oil,  1  part,  oil  turpentine,  3  parts. 
Kamala  in  doses  of  |  to  1  dram  or  more,  given  in  thick 
gruel  or  molasses.  Potassium  picrate,  2  to  10  grains  daily 
in  linseed  mucilage. 

The  only  tapeworm  of  importance  found  in  the  sheep 
is  the  'taenia  expansa.'  But  it  is  questionable  if  it  does 
much  harm.  It  is  seldom  found  unassociated  with  other 
parasites. 


312  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

JOINT-ILL   (ARTHRITIS), 

Except  as  a  purely  sporadic  disease,  is  due  to  a  com- 
bination of  two  causes — (1)  a  depraved  or  impoverished 
condition  of  the  mother's  blood — nearly  always,  in  my 
experience,  brought  about  by  injudicious  management — 
whereby  the  milk  contracts  deleterious  properties;  (2) 
the  combined  effects  of  cold  and  wet.  In  some  cases  the 
actual  cause  is  inflammation  of  the  umbilical  (navel)  vein, 
as  a  result  of  which  abscesses  form  in  the  liver.  Suppu- 
rative inflammation  of  the  joints  follows.  The  probable 
primary  cause  of  the  disease  is  a  micrococcus.     (Walley.) 

Lambs  from  two  to  five  weeks  old  are  very  liable  to 
the  disorder.  They  are  often  stiff  all  over  before  the 
swellings  appear.  Sometimes  they  crawl  on  their  knees. 
Sometimes  they  are  prostrate.  Usually  they  either  die  or 
become  incurably  lame  and  worthless. 

Remedy. — Keep  warm  and  dry.  Mild  purges  if  cos- 
tive. Cordial  medicine  in  hot  gruel.  Liniment :  Oil  of 
turpentine,  8  oz.,  strong  solution  of  ammonia,  3  oz.,  soft 
soap,  4  oz.;  digest,  shake  at  intervals,  adding  water  to 
make  2  quarts  in  all.     Rub  once  or  twice  daily. 

RHEUMATISM 

Is  the  same  in  sheep  as  in  other  animals.  Treat  the 
same. 

NAVEL-ILL   OR    NAVEL-POCKING 

Is  the  result  (1)  of  a  depraved  condition  of  the  moth- 
er's system;  (2)  the  action  of  poisonous  germs  on  the 
clot  of  blood  which  is  always  found  in  the  umbilical  vein 
of  newly  born  animals.  If  the  system  is  healthy,  no  in- 
jury is  caused  by  septic  or  poisonous  organisms;  other- 
wise the  vitiated  blood  acts  as  pabulum  for  their  devel- 
opment. Septic,  sometimes  erysipelatous,  inflammation  is 
set  up,  the  products  of  which  becoming  absorbed,  cause 
putrefactive   inflammation   of  the  joints,  especially  those 


TREATMENT   OF   NAVEL-ILL. 


313 


of  the  hind  limbs.  In  some  cases,  however,  the  inflam- 
mation extends  along  the  cellular  tissue  to  the  fore  legs 
in  a  forward  direction  and  to  the  abdomen,  thighs,  and 
hind  legs  in  a  backward  direction,  the  parts  soon  becom- 
ing of  a  black  or  purple  hue  from  mortification. 


Fig.  148.     Navel-Ill. 

In  both  joint-ill  and  navel-ill  the  condition  of  the 
mother's  blood  should  be  improved,  and  the  navel  cord 
of  the  lamb  should  be  tied  with  a  silk  or  cotton  ligature 
and  dressed  with  an  antiseptic  lotion  or  liniment  imme- 
diately after  birth.     (Walley.) 

Aperients  or  neutral  salts,  such  as  sulphite  or  the  sa- 
licylate of  sodium,  for  ewes  as  well  as  lambs.  Feed  ewes 
very  moderately. 

LAMBING    OR    MILK    FEVER   (METRITIS), 

Is  probably  caused  by  blood  poisoning,  blood  poisoning 
being  caused  by  germs  called  micrococci.  The  germs 
may  be  communicated  from  ewe  to  ewe  by  means  of  the 
blood  on  the  hands  of  shepherds  engaged  in  delivering 
ewes.  Hence  the  necessity  of  disinfecting  or  washing  the 
hands  with  1  part  of  carbolic  acid  to  50  of  water,  or  even 


314  THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

with  carbolic  soap;  or  3  grains  permanganate  of  potassi- 
um to  1  oz.  of  water.  The  vagina  of  all  infected  ewes 
should  also  be  washed,  and  the  sick  separated  from  the 
well.  The  disease  is  due  sometimes  perhaps  to  wounds 
and  the  retention  and  decomposition  of  the  afterbirth. 

Remedy.— Siphon  or  syringe  uterus  with  tepid  water 
or  antiseptic.  Kemove  remnants  of  placenta  or  blood 
clots;  render  any  wounds  aseptic  (non-poisonous).  Where 
walls  of  uterus  are  dilated  or  flaccid,  inject  solution  of 
ergot  and  belladonna  tincture.  Rugs  wrung  out  of  hot 
water  over  loins  and  abdomen.  Sulpho-carbolates,  sul- 
phites, hydronaphthol  internal^.  If  bowels  are  torpid, 
give  half  dose  physic  with  ginger,  gentian  and  molasses, 
and  promote  effect  by  laxative  injections.  Remove  urine 
by  catheter.     Generous  diet.     Tonics,  stimulants. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

ABORTION,   AFTER-PAINS,   AND   GARGET 

Are  much  the  same  in  ewes  as  in  cows.  (See  pages 
289-291.)  Ewes  are  more  easily  frightened  than  cows, 
and  they  are  much  oftener  injured  in  casting.  They 
should  not  be  cast  when  pregnant,  nor  be  roughly  used. 
They  should  be  carefully  watched  about  the  middle  period 
of  gestation.  (The  full  period  of  gestation  is  about  150 
days.)  They  should  not  be  overfed  and  fattened  just  be- 
fore lambing,  for  this  is  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  after- 
pains. 

In  garget  (sore  udder),  3  or  4  ounces  of  Epsom  salt 
may  be  necessary,  and  may  be  repeated.  Foment  with 
waim  water  and  rub  with  ointment,  &c,  as  for  cows. 

LOUPING-ILL   OR    TREMBLING, 

Says  Williams,  entails  great  loss  among  hill  sheep  every 
year.  It  has  been  described  as  a  species  of  ergot  intoxi- 
cation or  nervous  excitement.  There  is  sometimes  squint- 
ing,   at   other   times   convulsive   movements   of  the   eyes. 


SHEEP  TICKS. 


315 


There  are  also  convulsive  movements  of  the  body  and 
legs,  and  more  or  less  increase  of  fluid  in  the  spinal  cord. 
Veterinarians  are  not  agreed  as  the  cause  of  the  dis- 
ease, but  as  good  food  and  pure  water  are  preventives  of 
it,  bad  food  and  impure  water  must  be  predisposing  causes 
of  it. 


Fig.  149.     Sheep  Tick. 

Lonping-ill  is  only  seen  on  land  infested  with  ticks. 
Ticks  are  the  cause  of  the  disease.  It  is  possible,  how- 
ever, to  have  land  infested  with  ticks  and  yet  have  sheep 
free  of  louping-ill,  as  all  ticks  do  not  seem  to  contain 
disease  germs. 

Improve  moors  and  pastures  where  it  exists.  The  cure 
is  uncertain,  but  many  sheep  recover. 


Fig.  150,     Louping-ill  or  Hydro-Rachitis. 


316 


THE   DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 


MEASLES 

Which  consists  of  red,   irregular   spots   on   the   chest, 


Fig.  151.     Measles  in  pork. 


Fig.  152.     Same,  highly 
magnified. 


a 

Fig.  ]  53.    Slice  of  roasted  sirloin  beef. 

a,  measles  divided  by  knife  into 

nearly  equal  parts. 


Fig.  1 54.  Measle  or  Bladder  Worm 
of  beef.     Magnified. 

thighs,    head,    and    sides,    is    preceded    by   slight    febrile 
symptoms,  sneezing,  coughing,  swelling  in  the  region  of 


MEASLES   TRANSMITTED    BY    INOCULATION. 


317 


the  head,  discharge  from  the  nostrils,  hot  mouth,  dry 
skin,  constipation,  loss  of  appetite,  &c.  The  skin  has  a 
peculiar  odor.  The  red  spots  are  hard  in  the  center ;  if 
pressed,  they  appear  white  for  a  time.  They  seem  to  do 
good,  for  in  about  24  hours  after  their  appearance  the 
febrile  symptoms  and  swelling  of  the  head  subside.  The 
spots  become  brownish  in  four  or  five  days,  and  disap- 
pear in  about  five  days  more.  The  skin  then  peels  off. 
Some  symptoms  of  catarrh  continue.  In  fatal  cases  diar- 
rhea sets  in  about  the  ninth  day. 

We  now  know  that  mutton  and  beef  as  well  as  pork 
may  become  measled.  These  three  kinds  of  measles  are 
perfectly  distinct  from  each  other,  and  are  derived  from 
different  species  of  tapeworm.     (Williams.) 

The  disease  can  be  transmitted  by  inoculation.  Out  of 
103  animals  inoculated  by  way  of  experiment,  only  1  died. 

Give  plenty  of  water  and  niter  to  lick. 

HOVEN 

Is  practically  the  same  in  sheep  as  in  cattle  (page  238). 

Remedy. — Half  a  pint  of  linseed  oil;  if  no  relief  fol- 
lows in  2  or  3  hours,  give  \  oz.  aromatic  spirit  of  am- 
monia in  a  pint  of  warm  water,  or  about  G  oz.  of  brandy 


Fig.  155.     Trocars. 


or  whisky,  slightly  diluted  with  warm  water.  Trocar  if 
necessary,  and  retain  canula  as  long  as  there  are  signs 
of  distress. 


318  THE    DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

TETANUS   (LOCK-JAW), 

Is  about  the  same  in  sheep  as  in  horses  and  cattle,  and 
should  be  treated  the  same.  The  animal  may  die  in  twelve 
hours.  Exposure  to  cold,  especially  after  shearing,  is  con- 
ducive of  the  disease. 

Keep  warm  and  quiet.  Give  gruel,  to  which  add  a  little 
gin.  Castor  oil  or  Epsom  salt ;  repeated  if  necessary.  (See 
pages  53  and  234.) 

RABIES 

Kills  sheep  in  from  three  to  seven  weeks.  It  develops 
itself  in  from  two  to  four  weeks  after  the  bite,  but  it 
may  remain  dormant  till  the  eleventh  week.  The  sheep 
gradually  grow  sick.    Sometimes  they  die  of  paralysis,  at 


Fig.  156.     Rabies. 

other  times  of  convulsions.  They  have  great  thirst,  but 
no  fear  of  water ;  become  furious  and  fight  among  them- 
selves, but  do  not  bite  mankind.     (See  page  50.) 

SHEEP   BOT-FLIES 

Are  a  little  larger  than  ordinary  house-flies.  They  are 
of  an  ashy  gray  color.  They  deposit  their  eggs  in  the 
nostrils  of  sheep  during  July  and  August,  where,  if  not 
expelled,  they  remain  till  spring.    Being  then  full-grown, 


REMEDIES   FOR   BOT-FLIES,    RED   WATER,    ETC.  319 

they  fall  to  the  ground  and  become  pupa?.  The  pupas- 
cases  open  in  summer  and  they  are  freed.  They  deposit 
their  eggs  and  live  till  fall.  The  maggots  penetrate  to 
the  sinuses  and  sometimes  even  to  the  brain. 

Remedy. — Snuff,  solution  of  common  salt,  tobacco  in- 
fusion, diluted  vinegar,  or  a  weak  solution  of  turpentine 
may  be  injected  into  the  nose.  Many  flies  will  be  expelled 
by  sneezing.  If  any  remain  in  the  sinuses,  trephine  and 
syringe  with  tepid  water  containing  a  small  proportion  of 
carbolic  acid. 

RED   WATER 

Kills  sheep  and  lambs  as  well  as  cattle.  (See  page 
270.)  If  the  disease  is  discovered  in  time,  slaughter  for 
food.  It  is  claimed  that  the  disease  is  due  to  a  lack  of 
iron  in  the  system.  Whether  true  or  not,  salt  of  iron 
seems  to  be  useful.    Give  15  grains  of  sulphate  of  iron. 

OPHTHALMIA   (Inflamed    Eyes), 

Is  frequent  and  sometimes  severe  in  sheep.  As  a  rule 
it  is  the  same  as  in  the  horse  (page  136),  but  it  has 
special  features.  One  of  these  is  where  the  eyelids  ad- 
here to  the  eyeball,  common  but  not  confined  to  sheep 
suffering  with  scab.  Shepherds  separate  the  lid  from  the 
ball  by  means  of  a  thin,  hard,  and  polished  piece  of 
wood,  wash  with  a  decoction  of  mallows  or  poppyheads, 
and  sometimes  rub  in  a  little  oil. 

Sometimes  the  disease  is  epizootic — among  cattle  as  well 
as  sheep.  This  form  is  known  as  '  the  blind/  and  is  pe- 
culiar to  young  sheep,  especially  when  exposed.  It  is 
dangerous,  besides  which  the  blind  animal  is  liable  to  fall 
over  a  precipice.  Apparently  it  is  due  to  exposure  to 
cold,  but  it  may  possibly  be  due  to  a  micro-organism. 
It  is  highly  infectious. 

Remedy. — Dark,  well  ventilated  shed;  nutritious  food, 
with  a  lump  of  rock  salt  in  trough.     Tar  or  ointment  of 


320  THE    DISEASES   OF   SHEEP. 

salicylic  acid  around  margin  of  eye,  renewed  in  four  days. 
Rub  with  a  mixture  of  castor  oil  and  corrosive  sublimate, 
or  blow,  with  quill,  salt  dried  by  heating  into  the  eye. 

In  diseases  of  the  eyes,  in  either  sheep  or  cattle,  it  is 
better,  when  practicable,  to  fatten  and  slaughter  than  to 
waste  time  and  money  in  treatment,  especially  in  such 
diseases  as  amaurosis  (glass-eye),  glaucoma,  &c. 

NON-SECRETION    OF    MILK   (AGALACTIA), 

When  not  depending  on  any  disease  nor  on  wasting  of 
the  udder,  may  usually  be  restored,  or  partially  restored, 
by  the  use  of  nutritious  food  and  the  following  draft : 
Powdered  aniseed,  2  oz.,  powdered  gentian,  2  oz.,  in  a 
pint  of  warm  water  or  beer,  2  or  3  times  daily. 

The  ears  of  sheep  require  to  be  kept  clean,  as  they 
are  liable  to  inflammation  from  dirt  and  maggots.  The 
head  is  carried  lower  than  usual,  often  a*  little  to  one 
side,  and  is  occasionally  shaken. 

Fractured  and  Broken  Limbs  are  sometimes  cura- 
ble, but  unless  the  sheep  is  very  valuable,  it  is  cheaper 
to  slaughter. 


PART      IV. 


THE    DISEASES    OF    SWINE, 


The  stomach  and  digestive  organs  of  swine  and  dogs, 
says  Dun,  much  resemble  those  of  man  and  are  acted  on 
in  nearly  the  same  way  by  most  drugs.  The  best  purge 
for  swine  is  three  or  four  ounces  of  Epsom  salt,  or  a 
like  quantity  of  linseed  or  castor  oil,  given  in  a  shallow 
spoon  or  bottle.  An  assistant  should  hold  the  animal 
firmly  by  the  ears.  From  two  to  five  drams  of  aloes  is 
also  a  good  purge,  but  it  takes  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
hours  to  operate.  Also  one  to  three  drams  of  jalap,  but 
large  doses  may  cause  nausea  or  even  vomiting.  Five  to 
ten  drops  of  croton  oil  is  a  prompt  and  effectual  drastic 
purge,  but  requires,  as  in  -most  other  patients,  to  be  used 
with  much  caution. 

To  be  healthy,  swine  (in  herds)  should  be  kept  in  large 
fields  or  inclosures,  and  be  provided  with  grass,  pure, 
running  water,  and  shade,  especially  in  summer.  Corn 
and  other  fattening  foods  are  good  for  winter.  Careful 
feediug,  breeding,  and  management  are  very  important 
factors  in  swine  rearing,  more  important  perhaps  than  all 
the  medicines  combined.  Still  simple  disorders  may  be 
successfully  treated. 

Unlike  cattle  and  sheep,  the  pig  has  but  one  stomach, 
tvhich  is  nearly  as  simple  in  structure  as  that  of  the 
horse.  Its  teeth  are  adapted  to  the  mastication  of  many 
kinds  of  food.     The  tushes  are  formidable  weapons. 


322 


THE   DISEASES   OF   SWINE. 


SWINE    PLAGUE    OR    SWINE    ANTHRAX, 

Also  known  as  hog  cholera,  red  soldier,  blue  sickness, 
measles,  erysipelas,  intestinal  fever,  typhoid  fever,  &c,  is 
a  highly  contagious  and  infective  disease.  It  has  a  period 
of  incubation,  after  inoculation,  of  about  five  days,  when 
the  temperature  is  104  or  106°,  succeeded  by  signs  of 
general  ill  health  and  usually  a  rash  on  the  skin.  It  is 
epizootic,  and  is  the  most  fatal  swine  disease.     Pigs  dif- 


Fig.  157.    Part  of  caecum  (blind  gut),     a,  ilio-caecaJ  opening,     b.  b,  5, 
ulcers  in  various  stages. 


fer  in  their  susceptibility  to  it.  It  appears  to  be  caused 
by  contagion  or  infection  only,  no  amount  of  misman- 
agement, filth,  lack  of  drainage;  or  decomposing  food 
being  sufficient  to  induce  it.     (Williams.) 


SWItfE   PLAGUE.  323 

Symptoms. — Loss  of  appetite;  general  prostration; 
small  and  frequent  pulse ;  hanging  ears ;  sullen  appear- 
ance ;  painful  and  haggard  expression ;  watery  eyes,  the 
conjunctive  membranes  being  red  and  spotted ;  dirty  se- 
cretion about  the  eyelids,  usually  preceded  by  a  red  blush 
and  red  spots  on  the  ears,  the  abdomen,  and  internal  as- 
pects of  the  extremities.  The  reddened  spots  are  at  first 
hot  and  painful  to  the  touch,  but  become  cold,  humid, 
and  insensible  even  to  the  pricking  of  a  pin.  As  the 
disease  advances  trembling  and  convulsions  are  manifest- 
ed; grinds  the  teeth;  flexor  muscles  of  limbs  contract; 
stands  on  toes.  These  symptoms  are  succeeded  by  paral- 
ysis of  the  posterior  extremities,  or  of  the  whole  body, 
involuntary  defacation  (bowel  evacuation),  and  high  col- 
ored and  even  bloody  urine.  The  bowels  are  at  first  gen- 
erally torpid,  but  the  feces  may  be  soft  and  mixed  with 
very  blaTft,  fetid  blood  and  thick,  tenacious  mucus.  Di- 
arrhea, however,  often  sets  in ;  the  evacuations  are  then 
profuse  and  exhaustive;  the  breathing  becomes  catching 
and  convulsive ;  a  painful  cough  is  present ;  the  convul- 
sions increase  in  violence  and  may  continue  to  do  so  till 
the  end ;  but  sometimes  the  animal  becomes  comatose  and 
remains  so  till  the  end. 

In  some  cases  the  first  observable  symptoms  remain 
stationary  from  24  to  48  hours ;  then  the  surface  of  the 
body  becomes  burning  hot  and  very  sensitive  to  the  touch, 
notably  at  the  sides  and  abdominal  walls.  If  touched, 
'the  animal  cries  with  pain.  To  these  signs  are  added 
trembling,  convulsions,  grinding  of  the  teeth,  and  tetanic 
(tetanus  or  lock-jaw-like)  contraction  of  the  muscles,  suc- 
ceeded by  rapid  diminution  of  temperature.  The  mem- 
branes of  the  eyes  become  brown,  the  eyes  themselves 
bleared ;  tongue  dirty,  thick,  bluish ;  the  animal,  ex- 
tended on  its  litter,  is  incapable  of  any  regulated  move- 
ment, and  dies  in  from  24  to  48  hours. 

These  symptoms  are  liable  to  various  modifications,  de- 


324  THE  DISEASES  OF  SWINE. 

pending  on  the  intensity  of  the  fever  and  the  locality 
of  the  poison.  In  some  cases  the  virus  seems  to  expend 
itself  on  the  serous  membranes,  causing  either  inflamma- 
tion of  the  peritoneum  or  pleurisy ;  sometimes  on  the 
mucous  membranes,  as  shown  by  bronchitis  or  broncho- 
pneumonic  congestion  and  hemorrhage,  and  enteric  (in- 
testinal) congestion  and  ulceration ;  sometimes  even  to 
perforation  or  rupture  of  the  bowel. 

In  many  cases  the  animal  is  amaurotic;  wanders  to 
and  fro;  falls,  rolls,  kicks.  Now  and  then  it  will  rise 
from  its  bed  and  give  a  piercing  cry,  the  whole  body  be- 
ing involuntarily  convulsed.     (Williams.) 

Dr.  H.  J.  Ditmers  says  swine  plague  "  is  not  a  single 
or  separate  disease,  but  rather  a  group  of  several  kindred 
diseases,  similar  to  each  other  in  regard  to  causes,  mor- 
bid process,  contagiousness,  and  final  termination,  but 
differing  very  much  as  to  symptoms,  seat  of  morbid  pro- 
cess, course,  and  duration." 

Swine  plague  is  classed  among  the  incurable  diseases. 

APOPLEXY 

Occurs  usually  in  fat  hogs.  Several  forms  have  been 
described,  but  all  are  chiefly  caused  perhaps  by  too  much 
blood  and  confinement — lack  of  exercise.  The  specific 
blood  poison  of  anthrax  may  not  be  present.  The  dis- 
eases of  pigs  to  which  the  term  apoplexy  is  applied,  how- 
ever, partake  more  of  the  nature  of  anthrax  than  other- 
wise, especielly  in  young  and  growing  animals. 

Symptoms. — Eestlessness ;  eyes  bloodshot;  appetite 
variable ;  constipation ;  dung  and  urine  scanty.  As  the 
animal  eats,  it  suddenly  stops,  reels,  and  falls  down  dead, 
a  great  quantity  of  foam  issuing  from  the  mouth. 

Remedy. — As  apoplexy  is  a  most  fatal  complaint, 
prompt  preventive  measures  should  be  instituted  on  its 
first  appearance.  Place  healthy  swine  on  a  low  diet; 
exercise;    cleanliness.     Give   Epsom  salt,  2  to  4  oz.,  cal- 


BLEED   FOR   APOPLEXY.  325 

omel,  3  to  10  grains,  ginger,  2  to  3  drams,  with  molasses 
and  linseed  mucilage  in  proportion — immediately.  Give 
same  dose  to  sick  hog,  that  is,  if  it  does  not  die  too  soon. 
Clysters  for  constipation.  When  down  and  breathing 
heavily,  bleed  from  the  veins  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ears.  The  palate  veins  and  also  those  of  the  fore  limbs 
may  be  opened  if  necessary. 

EPILEPSY 

Prevails  more  among  ,swine  than  among  either  cattle 
or  sheep.  Its  exact  nature  is  not  understood  further  than 
that  it  depends  on  some  peculiar  morbid  condition  of  the 
nervous  system,  probably  degeneration  of  tissue,  arising 
from  defective  nutrition ;  also  on  remote  causes,  such  as 
abscesses,  tumors,  &c,  in  the  spleen,  brain,  and  other 
organs ;  worms  in  the  stomach  or  intestines,  and  other 
conditions  producing  reflex  action.  It  is  peculiar  to  young 
animals  generally,  but  it  occurs  in  the  old  also  as  a  result 
of  blood  diseases,  blood  poisoning,  &c.    It  is  rarely  curable. 

Symptoms. — Severe  convulsions,  with  coma  (sleepiness) 
and  foaming  at  the  mouth ;    staggers ;    eyes  protrude  and 


Fig.  158.     Epilepsy. 

stare ;  violent  champing  of  teeth ;  drops  on  haunches ; 
fore  limbs  rigid ;  head  elevated,  turned  from  side  to  side 
rapidly  and  now  and  then  tossed  up ;  muscles  convulsed  ; 
urine  and  feces  pass  involuntarily ;  tongue  bitten ;  falls, 
struggles  violently,  and  soon  becomes  unconscious ;    heart 


6Zb  THE    DISEASES   OF   SWINE. 

beats  strong;  membranes  increased  in  color.  A  long 
sleep  may  follow,  or  the  animal  may  soon  regain  con- 
sciousness, but  only  to  be  speedily  reattacked ;    dies. 

Remedy. — If  caused  by  nervous  disorder,  give  bella- 
donna or  atrophine.  If  from  worms,  give  a  vermifuge. 
Proper  food  and  housing ;  exercise.  At  the  time  of  attack 
little  can  be  done.  Dashing  cold  water  over  the  head 
and  face  is  the  most  proper  course,  deferring  other  mea~ 
sures  till  the  seizure  has  passed.  Strychnine,  quassia, 
gentian  or  other  tonic  for  lack  of  blood ;  less  nutritious 
diet  for  too  much  blood ;  also  exercise.  As  a  means  of 
reducing  the  severity  of  an  attack,  and  while  there  is 
power  to  swallow,  chloroform,  chloric  or  sulphuric  ether, 
chloral  hydrate,  &c,  should  be  given,  or  the  animal  may 
inhale  the  first,  the  latter  being  injected  beneath  the  skin. 
When  it  is  known  that  a  nerve  is  at  fault,  it  may  be 
divided,  or  the  firing-iron  may  be  applied  over  the  locality. 

For  doses,  see  pages  13  to  29. 

TRICHINA   SPIRALIS   (WORMS), 

According  to  Williams,  is  usually  found  within  capsules 
or  cysts,  occupying  the  muscles  of  some  animals,  such 
as  the  pig,  or  even  of  man.  When  full-grown,  the  female 
is  much  larger  than  the  male,  being  one-eighth  and  one- 
eighteenth  of  an  inch  in  length  respectively. 

Small  animals,  such  as  rats,  cats,  and  rabbits,  when 
seriously  infected,  like  man,  soon  succumb  to  the  disease. 
The  health  of  larger  animals,  however,  is  rarely  affected. 
A  pig  that  was  experimented  on  in  the  Eoyal  Veterinary 
College,  showed  no  signs  of  the  disease,  notwithstanding 
an  after-death  examination  indicated  that  its  flesh  prob- 
ably contained  16,000,000  of  living  worms  !  Other  pigs, 
however,  showed  much  general  disturbance  and  suffering, 
arising  from  the  irritation  of  the  worms  in  the  intestines 
and  during  their  passage  into  the  muscular  tissue.  The 
irritation    of   the    alimentary  canal,  which  lessens  toward 


COOK    PORK    WELL. 


32' 


the  end  of  the  first  week  after  pigs  have  swallowed  trich- 
inae, is  denoted  by  loss  of  appetite,  vomiting,  colic,  diar- 
rhea, dullness,  arching  of  the  back,  and  an  inclination 
to  lie  down  and  hide  in  the  litter.  These  symptoms,  ex- 
cept the  diarrhea,  usually  disappear  in  from  six  to  eight 
days. 


Fig.  159.     Pork  Flesh  Worm  (Trichina  Spiralis),  imbedded  in  the  flesh. 


Fig.  160.     The  immature  worm,  highly  magnified. 

When  the  trichina?  are  numerous,  the  membranous  pas- 
sage of  a  great  number  of  them  induce  in  some  pigs  a 
fatal  inflammation  of  the  peritoneum  ;  in  others  a  form 
of  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  with  ejection  of  false 
membrane. 

Trichinons  pork,  if  used  at  all,  must  be  well  cooked. 
Great  heat  is  necessary  to  kill  all  the  worms.  The  only 
safe  plan  is  to  cook  all  pork  meat  thoroughly. 


\2S 


THE    DISEASES    OF    SWINE. 


MEASLES 

In  swine,  cattle,  or  sheep  means  an   internal  or  intra- 
muscular  disorder,  not   an   external   eruptive  disease.     It 


Fig.  1 63.    Slice  of  roasted  sirloin  beef. 

a,  measles  divided  by  knife  into 

nearly  equal  parts. 


Fig.  1 64.  Measle  or  Bladder  Worm 
of  beef.     Magnified. 


is   caused   by  a   tapeworm   technically  known  as   { Taenia 
solium'  (solitary  tapeworm),  which   imbeds  itself  in  the 


WHAT   MAY    CAUSE   TAPEWORM. 


329 


flesh.  The  eggs  of  the  worm  are  taken  up  by  the  pig  iu 
its  search  for  food  here  and  there,  especially  among  dung 
heaps  and  other  filth.  The  worm  is  nearly  spheroidal  in 
shape,  having  an  average  diameter  of  about  l-694th  of  an 
inch,  and  therefore  readily  enters  the  circulation,  whence 
it  is  carried  to  various  parts  of  the  body.  It  is  very  pro- 
lific. It  lives  about  two  years  and  produces  at  least  1,600 
joints,  each  of  which  contains  53,000  eggs — total,  85,000,- 
000.  Fortunately,  like  the  ova  of  other  parasites,  many 
are  destroyed  in  various  ways. 

After   the   ova  enter   the  flesh,  several   changes  occur. 
The   germs  are  inclosed  in  small  cysts  or   bladders,  each 


F\g.  165.    Larva  of  Pork  Tapeworm,  Fig.  166.    Head  of  Taenia  Solium 

with  caudal  vesicle,  liberated  or  Pork  Tapeworm. 

from  cyst.    Hooks  at  top. 

having  a  small,  rudimentary  head,  with  hooks  and  suck- 
ers, &c.  They  remain  in  the  body  till  the  pig  is  slaugh- 
tered, when,  if  the  pork  is  not  thoroughly  cooked,  they 
produce  full-grown  tapeworms.  An  unusually  large  num- 
ber of  them  may  kill   a  hog.     They  are   peculiar  to  the 


330  THE    DISEASES   OF   SWINE. 

tender  flesh  of  young  animals,  being  unable  to  enter  the 
solid  flesh  of  those  even  one  year  old.     (Armitage.) 
Prevention. — Peed  swine  on  healthy  food. 

PROTRUSION    OF   THE    RECTUM 

Is  common.  The  causes  are  violent  straining  during 
constipation,  diarrhea,,  impaction  of  the  stomach,  worms, 
piles,  and  injuries  inflicted  in  the  anus  or  intestine;  it 
may  also  follow  difficult  parturition  and  stitching  across 
the  vulva  to  prevent  eversion  of  the  uterus  or  bladder. 


Fig.  IG1.     Protrusion  of  the  Rectum. 

Remedy. — When  recent,  the  color  bright,  and  the  tu- 
mor of  moderate  dimensions,  merely  wash  parts  gently 
with  warm  water,  the  whole  carefully  compressed  at  the 
sides  by  the  fingers,  which  are  spread  so  as  to  include  as 
much  of  the  tumor  as  possible.  By  a  kneading  move- 
ment, in  which  the  thumbs  should  be  especially  active, 
the  central  part  gradually  returns,  followed  by  the  outer, 
until  the  whole  is  replaced.  Subsequent  straining  is  to 
be  checked — when  not  caused  by  constipation — by  a  full 
dose  of  opium  or  chloroform,  chloric  ether,  &c,  and  in- 
jections of  the  same  fluids  may  be  required.  When  con- 
stipation is  the  cause,  purgatives  should  be  given,  com- 
bined with  anodynes.  Change  food  if  necessary.  Some- 
times the  organ  is  protruded  six  or  seven  inches,  is  greatly 
swollen,  and  now  and  then  lacerated  by  being  seized  by 
other   pigs.     Foment  for  two  hours  or  more,  and  if  nee- 


REMEDY    FOR   CONSTIPATION'.  331 

essary  apply  ice,  astringents,  &c.  In  other  eases,  when 
time  has  elapsed,  the  organ  may  be  livid  or  dark  purple 
in  color  and  injured  by  the  movements  of  the  patient. 
Treat  as  above  and  recovery  often  follows.  The  cause 
of  the  protrusion  must  be  ascertained  and  removed  be- 
fore a  permanent  cure  can  be  effected.     (Armitage.) 

CONSTIPATION 

Is  caused  by  the  excessive  nse  of  highly  stimulating 
food  and  lack  of  exercise. 

Symptoms. — Dull;  refuses  food ;  avoids  companions, 
even  hiding  in  the  straw  or  in  a  dark  corner  of  the  stye; 
is  obstinate,  even  bearing  jmnishment  before  rising  ;-•  wTalks 
crampy,  grunting  or  screaming;  anus  clean  and  firmly 
contracted ;  belly  tender,  pressure  on  which  causing  the 
animal  to  scream,  rush   away,  and   crouch  at  a  distance; 


Fig.  168.     Usual  position  when  suffering  from  Constipation 

the  invariable  position  is  as  shown  above  (Fig.  168) ; 
pulse  rapid,  full,  hard ;  membranes  injected ;  abdominal 
pain ;  op  and  clown,  screaming  or  grunting ;  urine  de- 
ficient, high  colored,  ammoniacal.  If  not  relieved,  the 
symptoms  increase  in  severity  ;  becomes  frantic  ;  apoplexy 
may  end  life.  Sometimes  the  abdominal  pains  increase, 
diarrhea  ensues,  and  the  animal  dies  in  from  12  to  24 
hours  of  prostration. 

Remedy. — Purge  early  with  Epsom  salt,  2  to  4  oz., 
powdered  ginger,  1  dram,  powdered  gentian,  2  drams, 
calomel,  5  to  10  grains,  mixed  in  linseed  mucilage.  In- 
jections of  soap   and  warm  water  every  half  hour.     In  2 


332  THE    DISEASES   OF    SWINE. 

hours  after  giving  the  internal  dose,  give  the  following 
stimulant :  Spirit  nitric  ether,  2  to  4  drams,  essence  of 
ginger,  J  dram,  tincture  of  belladonna,  1  dram,  in  a  half 
pint  of  warm  linseed  tea.  Friction  to  skin ;  general  com- 
fort. Laxative  food  at  first,  in  sparing  quantities  and  at 
regular  intervals.  Drink,  tepid  water,  with  a  small  quan- 
tity of  oatmeal,  linseed  tea,  &c.  Let  animal  roam.  Care- 
ful attention  to  food  to  prevent  another  attack.  (Armi- 
tage.) 

SCROTAL  RUPTURE  (HERNIA), 
Is  very  common  among  young  pigs,  and  such  should 
be  castrated  by  the  covered  operation.  The  general  prac- 
tice is  to  castrate  in  the  usual  way  and  stitch  the  divided 
scrotum.  Sometimes  castrators  include  the  intestine  in 
the  suture,  causing  death.  I  have  cut  pigs  with  hernia 
by  merely  inclosing  the  scrotum  in  a  loop  of  twine-— first 
returning  the  intestine — and  allowing  the  parts  to  be  re- 
moved by  sloughing ;  and  they  have  done  well.  Pigs  are 
peculiarly  liable,  during  some  seasons,  to  suffer  from  te- 
tanus (so-called  lock-jaw)  after  castration.     (Williams.) 

CATARRH 

Is  the  same  in  nature  in  swine  as  in  other  animals,  and 
should  be  treated  the  same.  Give  laxatives  in  warm 
mashes,  and  protect  from  exposure  to  cold,  dampness,  and 
drafts.     (See  pages  70  and  258.) 

DIARRHEA, 

Which  usually  attacks  sucking  pigs,  should  be  treated 
on  the  same  general  principles  as  diarrhea  in  other  ani- 
mals. The  dose  must  be  small  for  young  pigs,  and  is 
best  given  in  a  shallow  spoon  or  bottle,  but  for  older  an- 
imals it  may  be  mixed  in  a  dainty  dish.  In  sucking  pigs 
see  that  the  sow  has  healthy  food;  in  fact,  look  to  the 
food  in  every  case.     (See  pages  107,  24G). 


A  Valuable)  liniment.  383 

PARALYSIS   OF   HIND   QUARTERS 

Is  not  common,  but  it  should  be  combated  with  care 
and  suitable  remedies.  Simple  turpentine  rubbed  over 
the  loins  and  back  sometimes  gives  relief.  If  it  fails,  rub 
with  the  following  penetrating  liniment  :  Alcohol,  1  pint, 
ammonia,  J  oz.,  oil  organum,  i  oz.,  oil  sassafras,  i  oz., 
tincture  opium,  \  oz.,  tincture  capsicum,  \  oz.,  oil  tur- 
pentine, \  oz.,  camphor,  \  oz.  A  teaspoonful  of  this  lini- 
ment, diluted  with  a  wine-glass  of  water,  will  check  di- 
arrhea or  colic  in  man  as  well  as  the  lower  animals.  Re- 
peat dose  if  necessary.  Horses  and  cattle  would  require 
about  i  an  oz.  internally  for  colic ;    water  in  proportion. 

RHEUMATISM 

Should  be  treated  with  the  above  liniment,  or  some 
other  equally  soothing  and  penetrating.  Give  gentle  lax- 
ative in  food  if  necessary,  and  keep  swine  in  warm,  dry 
quarters. 

INFLAMMATION    OF   THE    LUNGS   (PNEUMO- 
NIA), 

Also  called  heaves,  thumps,  &c,  is  a  dangerous  and 
usually  incurable  disease.     (See  pages  79,  261.) 

QUINSY 

Is  an  inflammation  of  the  throat  and  adjacent  parts, 
accompanied  by  more  or  less  fever.  It  is  similar  to  if 
not  the  same  as  laryngitis  (sore  throat).  Apply  warm 
fomentations  and  rub  with  soothing  liniments.  If  exter- 
nal suppuration  takes  place,  encourage  it,  and  treat  it  as 
a  boil.  If  the  animal  can  swallow,  a  tablespoonful  of 
turpentine  and  oil  may  be  given  in  swill. 

Quinsy,  or  strangles,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  on  ac- 
count perhaps  of  the  difficulty  of  breathing,  is  a  danger- 
ous disease. 


334:  THE    DISEASES   OF   SWINE. 

MANGE 

Is  caused  by  the  mite  illustrated  below  (Fig.  169).     It 
is  transmissible  to  man.     (See  pages  168,  281,  301.) 


Fig.  1G9.     The  mite  or  acarus  known  as  Sarcoptes  suis.    Magnified. 

For  Lice,    see  pages  168,  284. 

For  Jaundice,    see  pages  133,  253. 

For  Foot   and    Mouth    Disease,   see  page  224. 

For  Scrofula    or   Tuberculosis,    see  pages  91,  225. 


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